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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Any tiny, single cell organism, (e.g. bacterium, virus, or fungus)
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microorganisms
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Substance capable of causing a disease; usually refers to a disease-causing microorganism.
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Pathogen
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Period from when an infectious organism enters the body to when symptoms occur
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Incubation
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Group of organisms that include yeasts and molds, toadstools, and candida.
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Fungus
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Resistance to a specific disease because of he responses of the immune system.
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Immunity
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Accumulation of pus in a body tissue, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
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Abscess
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Responsible for passing genetic information in nearly all organisms.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Structure at each exit of the four chambers of the heart that allows blood to exit but not to flow back in.
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Heart valve
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Pills that prevent pregnancy; contain a progesterone and an estrogen
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Oral contraceptives
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Term used to describe a substance that stops the growth of bacteria, such as an antibiotic.
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Bacteriostatic
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Laboratory value that adjusts the prothrombin time ratio to take into account the difference in the potency of prothrombin used in different laboratories; used to monitor warfarin use, calculated by taking the PT radio to the power of the international sensitivity index (ISI)
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International normalized ratio (INR)
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Blood loss through broken vessel wall
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Hemorrhage
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Abnormal fetus, terato means “monster”
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Teratogenicity
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Destruction of blood cells, bacteria; caused by immune reaction.
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Lysis
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Destruction of blood cells; liberates haemoglobin
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Hemolytic
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Inflammation of the venous vessels
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Thrombophlebitis
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Disease that affects lymph nodes; often refers to swelling of lymph nodes; associated with infection
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Lymphadenopathy
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Graphic record of heart’s nerve action potential
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Electrocardiogram
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Inflammation of the middle ear cause by infection from the nose, sinuses, or throat
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Otitis media
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Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes because of the presence of excess bilirubin in the blood; usually a sign of a disorder of the liver
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Jaundice
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Yeast infection caused by the fungus Candida Albicans; occurs vaginally and orally.
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Candidiasis
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Coloration of the skin, hair, and eyes by melanin
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Pigmentation
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Roof of the mouth
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Palate
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Mineral necessary for the formation of important biologic substances such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and certain enzymes.
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Iron
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Combination of the lung diseases emphysema and bronchitis, characterized by blockage of airflow in and out of the lungs
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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Deficiency of white blood cells
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Neutropenia
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Feelings of hopelessness, sadnessm and a general disinterest in life; in most cases, there is no known cause; may be a result of neurotransmitter abnormality.
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Depression
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Excessive production of urine; can be a symptom of a disease, commonly diabetes
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Polyuria
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Difficult or painful urination
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Dysuria
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Inability to hold urine or feces
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Incontinence
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Stop bleeding
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Hemostasis
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Breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen; can cause jaundice and anemia if the red blood cells are broken down too quickly.
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Hemolysis
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Skin infection caused by bacteria (usually streptococci); characterized by fever, chills, heat, tenderness, and redness; if dental treat aggressively
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Cellulitis
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Structure produced when sugar condenses with other radicals
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Glycosides
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Harmful effect that some drugs have on the organs or nerves in the ears, which can lead to hearing and balance problems
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Ototoxicity
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A water-soluble vitamin that is converted to a coenzyme essential to purine and thymine biosynthesis.
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Folic acid
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Itching
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Pruritus
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A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells of the immune system and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); transmitted through sexual intercourse or contact with infected blood.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Inflammation of the lungs, alveoli filled with exudate; most cases are caused by a bacterial or viral infection; symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, and the coughing up of phlegm
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Pneumonia
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Genus of slow-growing bacterium; resistant to the body’s defense mechanisms and responsible for diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy
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Mycobacterium
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Vaccine used to protect against tuberculosis
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Bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG)
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Pertaining to the eyes
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Optic
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Contagious skin infection caused by bacteria , usually occurring around the nose and mouth; commonly occurring in childfren; common causative organisms include streptococci and staphylococci
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Impetigo
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Condition in which bacteria are present in the blood stream; may occur after minor surgery or infection and may be dangerous for people with a weakened immune system or abnormal heart valves
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Bacteremia
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Common condition in which the mitral valve in the heart is deformed, may cause blood to leak back across the valve; may be characterized by a heart murmur and sometimes chest pain and disturbed heart rhythm.
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Mitral valve prolapse
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Inherited disorder; blood lacks a protein needed to form blood clots, leads to excessive bleeding.
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Hemophilia
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nerve impulse going to central nervous system
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perception
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pain relievers that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; inhibit ascending pain fibers, alter response to pain; often causes tolerance and dependence
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narcotic analgesics
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a salt or ester of salicylic acid
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salicylates
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precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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arachidonic acid
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redness of skin
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erythema
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megakaryocyte fragment shed into blood; plays an important role in blood clotting, contains no nucleus; adhesiveness affected by aspirin.
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platelets
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semisolid mass of blood that forms to help seal and prevent bleeding from a damaged vessel.
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blood clotting
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white blood cell
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leukocyte
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myocardial infarction. heart vessels becomes clogged, severe pain in the chest experienced; can be fatal.
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heart attack
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inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach; causes include viruses, bacteria, and use of alcohol and other drugs
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gastritis
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bulging of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the muscle wall
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hernia
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low level of prothrombin in blood
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hypoprothrombinemia
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part of the stomach bulges up into the chest cavity through the diaphragm
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hiatal hernia
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viral infection; characterized by headaches, muscle aches, fever, weakness, and coughs. commonly called the flu.
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influenza
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inflammation of kidneys(s) caused by an infection, an abnormal immune system response; a metabolic disorder
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nephritis
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reaction to an overdose to aspirin
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salicylism
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death rate; measured at the number of deaths per a certain population; may describe the population as a whole or a specific group within a population
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mortality
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mineral that is essential for many body functions, including nerve impulse transmission, formation of bones and teeth, and muscle contraction.
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magnesium
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drug that neutralizes stomach acid; used to treat indigestion, heartburn and acid reflux
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antacids
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shedding of the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle.
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menstruation
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difficult childbirth
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dystocia
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mental disorder involving abnormal moods and emotions, includes depression and bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
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affective disorders
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the heart cannot pump effectively
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heart failure
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drug that increases the amount of water in the urine, removing excess water from the body; used in treating high blood pressure and fluid retention.
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diuretics
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group of chemicals produced in the brain; reduce pain and positively affect mood.
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endorphins
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time in seconds that it takes for the patient's blood to clot when combined with thromboplastin and calcium
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prothrombin time
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organ to collect and store urine until it is expelled.
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bladder
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treatment of infections or cancer with drugs that act on disease-producing organisms or cancerous tissue; may also affect normal cells; antibiotics or antineoplastics
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chemotherapy
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disorder marked by high levels of uric acid in the blood; usually experienced as arthritis in one joint
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gout
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endogenous opioid ligand; stimulates delta receptor
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enkephalins
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endogenous opioid ligand; stimulates kappa receptor
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dynorphins
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unusually low blood pressure that occurs after suddenly standing or sitting up
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postural hypotension
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gland located at the base of the brain; releases hormones that control other glands and body processes
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pituitary gland
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dependence on a substance or an activity to the point that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions
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addiction
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hair on body standing up
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piloerection
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substance that works by blocking an enzyme that breaks down stimulating chemicals in the brain; used to treat depression
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monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
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action of antianxiety agents; reduces anxiety
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anxiolytic
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joint of the lower jaw
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temporomandibular joint
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substances that act against or destroy infections
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antiinfective agents
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substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of bacteria
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antibacterial agents
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chemical substances produced by microorganisms that have the capacity, in dilute solutions, to destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of organisms, or prevent there action.
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antibiotic agents
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what is the difference between an antibiotic antiinfective and an antibacterial?
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antibiotics are produced by micro organisms whereas the other agents may be developed in a chemistry laboratory
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substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of microorganisms
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antimicrobial agents
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substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of fungi
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antifungal agents
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substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of viruses
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antiviral agents
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the ability to kill bacteria. this effect is irreversible, that is, if the bacteria are removed from the drug, they do not live.
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bactericidal
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the ability to inhibit or retard the multiplication or growth of bacteria. reversible process. dose is important
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bacteriostatic
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concentration of the antiinfective agent present in the blood or serum. dose important to create effect.
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blood (serum) level
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this is not only an invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms but also a reaction of the tissues to their presence. the presence of a pathogen does not constitue invasion. In fact many make up normal oral flora it is when there numbers rise they cause infection
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infection
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lowest concentration needed to inhibit visible growthg of an organism on media after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. this in vitro test is more reliable and quantitative than the disk tests
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minimum inhibitiory concentration (MIC)
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range of activity of a drug. include narrow, intermediate, or broad.
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spectrum
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occurs when the combination of two antibiotics produces more effect than would be expected if their individual effects were added. in other words one plus one is greater then two. bactericidal antibiotics are usually this.
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synergistic
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antagonism occurs when a combination of two agents produces less effect than either agent alone.
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antagonism
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caused by the hepatitis a virus; usually transmitted by contact with contaminated food or water
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hepatitis a
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transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected blood or body fluids. a hepatitis
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hepatitis b
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transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected blood or body fluids
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hepatitis c
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causes symptoms when hepatitis b is present
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hepatitis d
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fungal infection in the groin area
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jock itch
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an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, which causes a painful rash of fluid-filled blisters on the genitals; transmitted through sexual contact
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genital herpes
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inflammation of the liver, which may or may not be caused by a viral infection; can be caused by poisons. drugs. or alcohol
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hepatitis
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pain along the course of a nerve
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neuralgia
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infection by organisms that would be harmless to a healthy person but cause infection in those with a weakened immune system
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opportunistic infections
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state of being ill or having a disease
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morbidity
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protein produced by body cells that fights viral infections and certain cancers
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interferons
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disease in which the protective coverings (myelin) of nerve fibers in the brain are gradually destroyed; symptoms vary from numbness to paralysis and loss of control of bodily function
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multiple sclerosis
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which antimicrobial agent is associated with ototoxicity
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aminoglycosides
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which antimicrobial agent(s) is/are likely to cause a dusulfiram reaction when combined with alcohol?
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metronidazole (flagyl)
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the sulfonamides competitively inhibit the bacterial enzyme that incorporates paraamibobenzoic acid into an immediate precusor of _______.
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folic acid
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the most common adverse reaction to the sulfonamides is _________________.
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an allergic skin reaction
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rupture of the achilles tendon is associated with the use of __________-
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quinolones
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what antibiotic is most likely to be associated with pseudomembranous colitis?
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clindamycin
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antiinfective agents can potentiate the effect of oral anticoagulants by interfering with what vitamin?
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vitamin K
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which antiinfective agent(s) has the highest incidence of gastrointestinal complaints?
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erythromycin (macrolides)
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what agent allows the use of amoxicillin to treat penicillinase-producing organisms?
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clavulanic acid
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which antimicrobial can cause black pigmentation of mandibular and maxillary alveolar bone and the hard palate?
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minocycline
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which antimicrobial can cause black pigmentation of mandibular and maxillary alveolar bone and the hard palate?
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minocycline
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which antibiotic is associated with photosensitivity?
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tetracycline
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large doses of _________ often produce coombs reaction
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penicillin
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describe a coombs reaction
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hemolytic anemia; red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the blood stream
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an erythematous rash on the face and upper body known as "red man syndrome" is associated with which antimicrobial agent
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vancomyocin
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which antimicrobial is associated with ototoxicity?
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aminoglycosides
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___________ can cause a brownish discoloration of urine.
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nitrofurantoin
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which antimicrobial agen inhibits DNA gyrase
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quinolones
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_______ and _________ have similar chemical structures which can result in __________
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cephelosporins, penicillins, hypersensitivity
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ability of aspirin to reduced fever results from prostaglandin synthesis in __________
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hypothalamus
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what is the most common side effect of aspirin?
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gastrointestinal effects
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all of the following are characteristics of aspirin (salicylism) except
a)dimness of vision b)hyperthermia c)electrolyte imbalance d)hepatic necrosis e)tinnitus |
hepatic necrosis
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an acute overdose with acetaminophen may damage the __________-
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liver
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which of the following agents is intended to treat an acute attack of gout?
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colchicine
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reye's syndrome is associated with viral disease and administration of ________in children
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ASA
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the pain threshold varies greatly in individuals because of different perception of pain. true or false
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false
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which of the following irreversibly nterferes with the clotting mechanism by reducing platelet adhesiveness
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aspirin
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a drug interaction between aspirin and ___________ can result in significant bleeding
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warfarin
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_______ are peripheral mild analgesics including salicylates, acetaminophen, NSAIDS
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nonopiods (nonnarcotic)
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_________ central and strong, affect CNS
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opiods (narcotics)
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____________ is the most common salicylate used today
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acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or aspirin
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_________ is most useful salicylate for treating pain
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aspirin
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derived from willow bark
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salicylates
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acetic acid gives aspirin the smell of ______
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vineger
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salicylic acid is also used as a ________ _________ agent
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topical keratolytic
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the mechanism of action of aspirin is that it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis; primarily inhibits the enzyme _______ by irreversibly binding w/ it preventing it from making prostaglandins which reduces pain perception
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cyclo-oxygenase (cox)
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aspirin peak effect is _ mins
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30
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aspirin demonstrates ____________ kinetics
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zero-order
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acetaminophen has _____ and ________ effects
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antipyretic analgesic
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t or f acetaminophe is related to salicylates and nsaids
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false
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adverse effects of acetaminophen can include ______________ and ________
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hepatotoxicity (with toxic dose of 20-25 gm) and made worse by alcohol use
neprotoxicity associated wiht long term use |
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chronic large doses of ______ can increase the risk of hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen
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alcohol
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______ is useful with pts with aspirin or NSAID hypersensitivity
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acetaminophen
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_________ is the antidote for too much acetaminophen
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N-acetylcysteine
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____- and ______ are used to treat acute attacks of gout
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NSAIDS and colchicine
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________- prolongs action of penecillin
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probenecid
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aspirin is a ________ in high doses
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uricosuric
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__________ treats serious systematic fungal infections
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amphotericin b (fungizone)
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antiinflammatory agents (ibuprofen) reduce the effects of
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ACE inhibitors
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an intermediate strength opioid
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oxycodone
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metronidazole has a reduced effect when taken with
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phenobarbital and phenytoin
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what drug is a favorite for medical personnel abuse?
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meperidine
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three photosensitive drugs
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minocycline doxycycline tetracycline
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tetracycline is contraindicated for whom?
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children under 9 and last half of pregnancy
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________- prolongs action of penecillin
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probenecid
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aspirin is a ________ in high doses
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uricosuric
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__________ treats serious systematic fungal infections
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amphotericin b (fungizone)
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antiinflammatory agents (ibuprofen) reduce the effects of
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ACE inhibitors
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an intermediate strength opioid
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oxycodone
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metronidazole has a reduced effect when taken with
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phenobarbital and phenytoin
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what drug is a favorite for medical personnel abuse?
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meperidine
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three photosensitive drugs
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minocycline doxycycline tetracycline
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tetracycline is contraindicated for whom?
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children under 9 and last half of pregnancy
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photosensitive drugs
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minocycline, tetracycline, doxycycline
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weakest opioid
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codeine
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3 strongest opioids
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hydromorphine, morphine, methadone, meperidine, codeine
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adrenergic receptors
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epinepherine, norepinepherine, alpha beta 1 beta 2
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cholinergic receptors
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nicotinic, musclurinic
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3 drugs that prevent gout PAF
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probenicid (increases excretion of uric acid), allopurinol (inhibits synthesis of uric acid), febuxostat (new drug blocks xanthine oxdidase which helps preven uric acid production)
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what is the suffix for things with aspirin
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rin
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morphine is converted chemically into what?
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heroin
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wha are the three opioid analgesics classification
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opioid agonist, mixed opioids, and antagonists
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strong or moderated in producing analgesic effect (opioid group)
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opioid agonists
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agonist/antagonists & partial agonists ; analgesic effect with some antagonist activity (opioid group)
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mixed opioid
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no anagesic effects; used in opioid overdose.
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opioid antagonists
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what are the 5 major groups of opioids
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morphine and codeine
methadone morphinan meridine other |
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most common side effect of opioid analgesics?
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sedation
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three receptors of opioids
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kappa-dysphoria
beta mu-analgesic |
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unlike other drugs the adverse reactoions of opioids are not related to adirect damaging effect on the __________ ___________ ++++++++++++
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liver kidneys blood
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main cause of overdose death in opioids
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respiratory depressin
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4 TB drugs
RIPE |
Rifampin
isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol |
