Pharmacology Exam 1

Front 1

Compliance

Back 1

implementation of a prescriber's care or course of treatment by the patient. also called "adherence". Opposite called "noncompliance/nonadherence"

Front 2

Medication Error

Back 2

any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use that may or may not cause patient harm.

Front 3

Additive effects

Back 3

the effect of the combination of 2+ drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum. Ex: 1 + 1 = 2

Front 4

Adverse drug event

Back 4

any undesirable occurrence related to administering/failing to administer a prescribed med

Front 5

Adverse drug reaction

Back 5

Unexpected/unintended/undesired or excessive response to a med given at therapeutic doses.

Front 6

Agonist

Back 6

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

Front 7

Allergic reaction

Back 7

an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction

Front 8

Antagonist

Back 8

a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one ore more receptors in the body. Also called "inhibitors" or "blockers"

Front 9

Antagonist effects

Back 9

drug interactions in which the sum/combination of 2+ drugs is less than the individual effect of the drugs given alone. Ex: 1 + 1 = less than 2. generally causes a "blocking" effect

Front 10

Bioavailability

Back 10

percentage of drug absorption for a given drug and route

Front 11

Biotransformation

Back 11

One or more bio chemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is active or inactive.

Front 12

Blood-Brain barrier

Back 12

barrier syst that restricts passage of various chems and microscopic entities between blood and CNS but still allows for passage of oxygen.

Front 13

Contraindication

Back 13

any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy that renders particular therapy unsuitable

Front 14

Cytochrome P-450

Back 14

general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism.

Front 15

Dissolution

Back 15

Process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the GI tract and become soluble before being absorbed into circulation.

Front 16

Drug effects

Back 16

the physiologic reactions of the body to a drug

Front 17

Drug-Induced Teratogenesis

Back 17

development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

Front 18

Drug interaction

Back 18

interaction between 2+ drugs in the body - related to enzymes requires for metabolism

Front 19

First-pass effect

Back 19

initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circ

Front 20

Idiosyncratic reaction

Back 20

an abnormal and unexpected response to a med, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

Front 21

Incompatibility

Back 21

when a drug interaction results in chemical deterioration of 1+ of given drugs

Front 22

Intraarticular

Intrathecal

Back 22

within a joint

within a sheath

Front 23

Medication error

Back 23

any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate use of drug by patient or medical work. it may or may not cause patient harm.

Front 24

Peak effect

Peak levels

Back 24

time req for drug to reach maximum therapeutic response

max concentration of drug in body after admin

Front 25

Pharmaceutics

Back 25

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

Front 26

Pharmacodynamics

Back 26

study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity.

Front 27

Pharmacogenetics

Back 27

study of influence of genetic factors in drug response

Front 28

Pharmacokinetics

Back 28

rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body

Front 29

Prodrug

Back 29

inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various bicochem reactions once it is inside the body

Front 30

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Back 30

process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge level of patients drug exposure and allow adjustments of dosages with goals of maxmizing effects and minimizing toxicity

Front 31

Synergistic effects

Back 31

drug interactions where the effect of a combination of 2+ drugs with similar actions is greater than sum of individual effects of same drug given alone. Ex: 1 + 1 = greater than 2

Front 32

Therapeutic index

Back 32

the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

Front 33

Black box warning

Back 33

type of warning that appears in a drug's prescribing information, required by the FDA alerting prescribers of serious adverse events

Front 34

Investigational New Drug (IND)

Back 34

a drug not yet approved by the FDA for market but for experiments to determine safety/efficacy.

Front 35

narcotic

Back 35

drugs used in clinical settings to refer to any medically administered controlled substance and in legal settings to refer to any illicit drug.

Front 36

Orphan drugs

Back 36

special category of drugs used to treat those with rare diseases

Front 37

Medication Reconciliation

Back 37

procedure implemented by health care providers to maintain an accurate and up-to-date list of medications for all patients b/t all phases of health care delivery

Front 38

Cognitive domain

Back 38

domain involved in the learning and storage of basic knowledge. the thinking portion of the learning process

Front 39

Psychomotor domain

Back 39

domain involved in the learning of a new procedure or skill

Front 40

Iatrogenic effects

Back 40

unintentional adverse effects that are caused by the actions of a prescriber or other health care professional or by a specific treatment.

Front 41

Phytochemicals

Back 41

the pharmacologically active ingredients in herbal remedies

Front 42

Adjuvant analgesic drugs

Back 42

drugs that are added as a second drug for combined therapy with a primary drug and may have additive or independent analgesic properties

Front 43

Agonist-Antagonists

Back 43

substances that bind to a receptor and cause a partial response that is not as strong as that caused by an agonist (also known as a partial agonist)

Front 44

Analgesic ceiling effect

Back 44

occurs when a given pain drug no longer effectively controls a pt's pain despite the admin of the highest safest dosage

Front 45

Analgesic

Back 45

meds that relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness (pain-killers)

Front 46

Breakthrough pain

Back 46

pain that occurs between doses of pain meds

Front 47

Central pain

Back 47

pain resulting from any disorder that causes CNS damage

Front 48

Deep pain

Back 48

pain that occurs in tissues below skin level; opposite of superficial pain

Front 49

Gate Theory

Back 49

most common and well-described theory of pain transmission and pain relief. it uses a gate model to explain how impulses from damaged tissues are sensed in the brain

Front 50

Neuropathic pain

Back 50

pain that results from disturbance of function or pathologic change in nerve