Pharmacology Exam 1

Front 1

Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic (cholinergic) nervous system. Stimulates cholinergic receptors

Back 1

Acetylcholine

Front 2

An enzyme that inactivated acetylcholine and promotes reuptake of it.

Back 2

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 3

Type of transport that requires a macromolecule to assist in transport. Molecules that transport drugs require energy (ATP)

Back 3

Active transport

Front 4

Term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect

Back 4

Adverse effect

Front 5

Drug that attaches to a receptor and initiates an action. Drug that binds to a receptor and activates a physiologic response or drug action

Back 5

Agonist

Hint 5

On switch

Front 6

Drug that stimulates the alpha adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle and induce smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction

Back 6

Alpha adrenergic effect

Front 7

Drug that attaches to a receptor, does not initiate an action, but blocks an agonist from producing an effect. Drug that binds to a receptor and interferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect

Back 7

Antagonist

Front 8

Drugs or effects that reduce the activity of the PNS

Back 8

Anticholinergic effect

Hint 8

DRY

Front 9

Blocks effects of excessive cholinergic (muscarinic) receptor stimulation. Prevents acetylcholine from binding. Used to dry bronchial tissues and salivation, mydriasis (dilation of eye), a GI antispasmotic, and to increase heart rate and in higher doses cause a progressive increase in heart rate by blocking muscarinic receptors on SA node.

Back 9

Atropine

Front 10

System of nerves that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary) of the internal organs and glands

Back 10

Auntonomic nervous system

Hint 10

Involuntary

Front 11

Stimulation of the heart (type 1) (positive chronotropic and ionotropic ^BP and HR (more squishy)) and the lungs (type 2) (used for bronchodilator and pre-term labor (relaxes muscles)).

Back 11

Beta adrenergic effect

Front 12

Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed

Back 12

Bioavailability

Front 13

Refers to the nerves that release acetylcholine and to the receptors of the PNS. Also refers to the drugs that stimulate this system

Back 13

Cholinergic effect

Hint 13

WET

Front 14

When both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together, they compete for the same receptor site

Back 14

Competitive antagonism

Front 15

Drug moves from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration may or may not use energy depending on the type

Back 15

Diffusion

Front 16

Indicated for all stages of alzheimers. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

Back 16

Donepezil

Hint 16

Aricept

Front 17

Relationship between dose and response is plotted as a graph. Drug response should be proportional to dose. As dose increases, so does the magnitude of response. (Should)

Back 17

Dose-response

Front 18

Used for myasthenia gravis diagnosis. Increased muscle strength within a minute or so

Back 18

Edrophonium

Hint 18

Tensilon

Front 19

Hormone from the adrenal medulla that stimulates adrenergic receptors, usually during stress. Used in anaphylaxis, surgical procedures for local vasoconstriction and to prolong local anesthesia, cardiac stimulation (beta-1) in cardiac arrest, and bromchodilation (beta-2) in treatment of asthma

Back 19

Epinephrine

Front 20

Elimination of drug from the body via kidneys, GI tract, or respiratory tract

Back 20

Excretion

Front 21

These drugs easily cross membranes that separate body compartments. Repeatedly absorbed into blood.

Back 21

Fat-soluble drugs

Front 22

Easily cross cell membranes and easily excreted by kidneys.

Back 22

Water-soluble drugs

Front 23

Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into systemic circulation

Back 23

First-pass effect

Front 24

Increased intraocular pressure that causes retinal destruction and eventually causes blindness. Miotic drugs are given to constrict pupils and reduce intraocular pressure

Back 24

Glaucoma

Front 25

Time required for the body to reduce amount of drug in plasma by 1/2

Back 25

Half-life

Front 26

Cholinergic receptors on smooth and cardiac muscle

Back 26

Muscarinic receptors

Front 27

Autoimmune disorder of myoneural junction. Antibodies sit at the myoneural junction and block acetylcholine and impair transmission of impulses

Back 27

Myasthenia gravis

Front 28

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase to potentiate cholinergic activity by preventing reuptake of acetylcholine.

Back 28

Neostigmine

Front 29

Describes the process of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Back 29

Pharmacokinetics

Hint 29

How drug should work

Front 30

Cholinergic receptors located on autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscles

Back 30

Nicotinic receptors

Front 31

Alpha adrenergic receptors most affected by this drug. Vasoconstrictor (^SBP and DBP). Baroreceptor reflex that shows increased vagal activity that leads to reflex bradycardia. This is necrotic and does better in a central line. Impaired circulation from this drug can be treated with phentolamine

Back 31

Norepinephrine

Hint 31

Levophed

Front 32

Drug moves from area of higher concentration to a one of lower concentration. Medication penetrates cells by diffusing through the membrane. Depends on molecule size, solubility (fat or water), and concentration of drug in body compartments

Back 32

Passive transport

Front 33

Looks at effects of drugs and mechanism of action

Back 33

Pharmacodynamics

Hint 33

How drugs actually work

Front 34

Non-selective beta blocker (1&2). Decreased ionotropic effect (less squishy) and decreased chronotropic (lower HR) effects. Treats supraventricular arrhythmias. Less cardiac output triggers vasoconstriction in periphery. Lower SBP and DBP. May cause bronchoconstriction. Lower glycogenolysis and less glucagon secretion. Used for HTN, angina pectoris, MI (relieves infarct), migraines (prophylactically), hyperthyroidism SNS stimulation. Has numerous CNS side-effects

Back 34

Propranolol

Hint 34

Lol

Front 35

Increases acetylcholine levels at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. Used to treat myasthenia gravis.

Back 35

Pyridostigmine

Hint 35

Igmine

Front 36

Uroselective for alpha 1 receptors of the prostate. Relaxes smooth muscles resulting in increased urine flow and lessens BPH symptoms.

Back 36

Silodosin

Hint 36

A penis looks like a silo

Front 37

Capable of causing birth defects or fatal abnormalities or development. Capable of causing abnormal development

Back 37

Teratogenic drug

Front 38

Undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning. Can be very harmful or life-threatening.

Back 38

Toxicity

Front 39

Constricts the pupils

Slows heart by acting on the vagal nerve (CN X)

Constricts breathing (bronchoconstriction)

Stimulates digestion

Stimulates gallbladder

Contracts bladder

Stimulates sex organs

Back 39

Parasympathetic nervous system

Hint 39

Rest and digest

Front 40

Dilates pupils

Inhibits salivation

Accelerates heart

Facilitates breathing

Inhibits digestion

Stimulates release of glucose

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Relaxes bladder

Inhibits sex organs

Back 40

Sympathetic nervous system

Hint 40

Fight or flight

Front 41

"On" switch of this nervous system = cholinergic agonist = in extreme cases SLUDGE

Back 41

Parasympathetic

Hint 41

Fluid. Fluid everywhere

Front 42

"Off" switch of this nervous system = anticholinergic (cholinergic antagonist) = DRY

Back 42

Parasympathetic

Front 43

"On" switch of this nervous system = adrenergic agonist = FIGHT

Back 43

Sympathetic

Hint 43

Adr = activity/adrenaline

Front 44

"Off" switch of this nervous system = adrenergic antagonist/blockers = REST

Back 44

Sympathetic

Hint 44

Adr = activity/adrenaline

Front 45

Medication is take by mouth. Best whenever possible. Safest and most convenient route

Back 45

Oral (PO)

Front 46

Taken under the tongue. Used when rapid effects are needed.

Back 46

Sublingual

Front 47

Medication is taken in between the cheek and gum. Convenient dosage form for certain drugs.

Back 47

Buccal

Front 48

Medication route for when the pt can't swallow or take oral medications and parenteral drugs are not indicated. Also used for local effects.

Back 48

Rectal

Front 49

Medication is a patch on the skin typically. Convenient dosage form that provides continuous absorption and systemic effects over many hours.

Back 49

Transdermal

Front 50

Typically an injection into an adipose layer. For drugs inactivated by the GI tract.

Back 50

Subcutaneous (subq)

Front 51

Typically an injection into a muscle. For drugs that have poor oral absorption, when high blood levels are required, and when rapid effects are desired.

Back 51

Intramuscular (IM)

Front 52

Medication goes through a catheter in a vein. In emergency situations, this is used where immediate effects are required. Also when medications are administered by infusion.

Back 52

Intravenous (IV)

Front 53

Medication is put through a port in an artery close to an organ. Used for local effects within an internal organ.

Back 53

Intraarterial

Front 54

Used for drug administration into the spinal cord for local effects

Back 54

Intrathecal

Front 55

Used for medications that act on the respiratory tract

Back 55

Inhalation

Front 56

Medications are applied to the skin, eye, or ear for local effects

Back 56

Topical

Front 57

Medication is placed in the female reproductive tract for local effect.

Back 57

Vaginal