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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sulfamethoxazole
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Sulfonamide antibiotic, -static, PABA substitute in folic acid synthesis, -cidal when combined with Trimethoprim. Broad spectrum.
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Trimethoprim
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Inhibitor of folate reductase. Combined with sulfonamides to make them -cidal.
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Enrofloxacin
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A quinolone/fluorquinolone antibiotic given PO/injectable for dogs and cattle with respiratory disease, topical for dog ears. -cidal, inhibits DNA gyrase. G->G+, aerobes only. Reserve, no extralabel in FA.
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Metronidazole
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A pro-drug used primarily for anaerobes (especially G-) and protozoa. -cidal, binds DNA and protein.
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Povidone Iodine
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A halogenated antiseptic. Broad spectrum, -cidal, causes nonspecific protein precipitation. Used as a wound treatment.
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Penicillin G
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Natural penicillin, G+ aerobes and anaerobes, approved in food animals and available OTC. Short duration. -cidal, inhibits transpeptidase in bacterial cell wall. Dosed in units.
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Ampicillin
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Extended spectrum penicillin, G+ and some G-. Dosed in mg, unstable in solution. -cidal, inhibits transpeptidase in bacterial cell wall.
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Clavulonic Acid
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A beta-lactamase inhibitor that gives penicillinase an alternate target from the penicillin this is combined with. Can be used combined with a penicillin for some resistant bacteria.
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Cefadroxil
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A first generation cephalosporin (a B-lactam.) -cidal, has action on transpeptidase in bacterial cell walls. For G+.
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Bacitracin
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A polypeptide antibiotic. Given topically, as a feed additive, or (rarely) IM. Reserve, no extralabel in FA. -cidal, increase permeability in cell wall/cell membrane. G+ (though others in this class do G-).
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Gentamicin
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An aminoglycoside antibiotic, large MW so not absorbed. -cidal at high doses (interfere with bacterial cell membrane function), -static at lower doses (inhibit protein synthesis by acting on 30s ribosome.) G+, G- aerobes. NOT reserve, but residues.
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Tetracycline
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A tetracycline antibiotic. Lipophilic, -static (prevents tRNA --> mRNA so no protein synthesis.) Broad spectrum, widespread resistance, residues.
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Doxycycline
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A tetracycline antibiotic. Lipophilic, -static (prevents tRNA --> mRNA so no protein synthesis.) Broad spectrum, widespread resistance, residues. Excreted ONLY fecally.
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Chloramphenicol
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A fenicol antibiotic. NEVER EVER in FA! PO, parenteral, or topical. Generally distributed (even to CSF.) -static (act on 50S ribosome.) Broad spectrum, reserve. Causes aplastic anemia in humans!
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Erythromycin
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A macrolide, not reserve. -static (50S ribosome), G+, mycobacteria, chlamydophila. Used for general soft tissue infections. Prokinetic effects.
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Clindamycin
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Lincosamide antibiotic with a -Cl to increase lipophilicity, increased PO, will distribute to bone. -static (50S ribosome), mostly G+, some anaerobes, some mycoplasma, protozoa. Life threatening diarrhea in guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, horses.
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Amphotericin B
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A polyene antifungal. Topical, IV for serious systemic infections. >80% of patients develop nephrotoxicity, vomiting and anemia likely, fever, drug interactions likely. Binds ergosterol.
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Ketoconazole
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An imidazole antifungal. Very safe topically, GI SE PO. Decreases ergosterol synthesis, -static at low dose, -cidal at high. Less effective than polyenes, but used systemically for lowered SE.
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Cyclophosphamide
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A nitrogen mustard antineoplastic agent. Broad spectrum if activity, PO (or IV) >90% F, q day. Prodrug, activated by cytochrome P450. For lymphoreticular tumors.
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Cisplatin
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A platinum compound antineoplastic agent. Used to treat solid tumors. IV administration (pulse dosed) or site delivered. SE: nephrotoxicity, neurotoxocity, vomiting, fatal pulmonary toxicosis (cats.) Expensive.
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Fluorouracil
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An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent. Looks like uracil, inhibits thymidylate synthetase. Carcinomas (except cats - hepatotoxic.) Pulse dosed IV (rare PO), injected directly into superficial tumors. Less expensive but not as good as cisplatin.
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Estradiol
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C18 steroid from the ovary. Used for anabolic and estrogenic effects. Palliative for reproductive tumors. Topical, PO, parenteral.
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Prednisone
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Glucocorticoid (potency 3.5 vs 0.7 mineralocorticoid), palliative for lymphoreticular neoplasms, mast cell and brain tumors, antiinflammatory effects.
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Morphine
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Opiod analgesic (including visceral/GI pain), full agonist (mu and kappa), centrally acting inducer of emesis (except pigs.)
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Xylazine
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Alpha-2 agonist, induces emesis in low doses (especially cats), may be best for ruminants with GI/visceral pain. Can lower BP by decreasing sympathetic outflow. Also decreases SNS outflow. Causes tranquilization by blocking release of norepinephrine. Also causes analgesia.
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Sucralfate
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PO, locally acting antiemetic, controls gastric acid. Protectant/demulcent/absorbant. Dose often.
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Metoclopramide
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Antidopaminergic agent, prokinetic (Tx megacolon, GERD) blocked by antimuscarinics, antiemetic. NOT a tranquilizer.
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Acepromazine
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Sympatholytic antidopaminergic agent, phenothiazine tranquilizer, antihistamine (H1 receptor of CNS), antiemetic, decreases BP through SE alpha-1 antagonism and action on SNS. Lowers seizure threshold.
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Atropine
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Parasympatholytic, Anticholinergic, acts on M1 receptor of CRTZ as antiemetic, decreases GI transit/secretions/spasm but really only used for diarrhea if cramping is bad. Also used to increase HR, especially during Sx if anesthetics will slow HR. Used as mydriatic.
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Dexamethasone
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Glucocorticoid, antiemetic, antiinflammatory effects.
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Diazepam
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Benzodiazepine used for tranquilization, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxation, appetite stimulant (especially cats.) Little effect on respiration.
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Ranitidine
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H2 receptor antagonist, decreases acid production, safe
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Misoprostol
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For NSAID induced ulcers, a prostaglandin E to induce mucous production.
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Omeprazole
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Proton pump inhibitor, SID for Eq. Covalently binds acid pump, long acting, inhibits cytochrome p450.
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Pilocarpine
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Parasympathomimetic cholinergic agent, can increase GI transport (poor choice dt SE - cramping.) Ophthalmic preparation to treat glaucoma.
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Neostigmine
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Cholinesterase inhibitor (indirect agonist), can increase GI transport (poor choice dt SE.) Does not distribute well to CNS.
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Polyethylene Glycol
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Volume increasing laxative, for SA or LA (before GI series.)
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Codeine
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Opiod analgesic (including visceral/GI pain), full agonist (mu and kappa), antitussive.
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Butorphanol
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Opiod analgesic (including visceral/GI pain), mixed agonist/antagonist. Antitussive. Lower risk for abuse than full agonists.
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Aspirin
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NSAID, may be used for GI pain but has adverse effects. PO only, approved in FA. Causes GI ulcers, salicylism, plus other NSAID SE's.
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Phenylbutazone
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NSAID, may be used for GI pain but has adverse effects. IV or PO. Highly protein bound and causes enzyme induction. Approved for dogs and horses, NOT dairy cattle. Adverse effects as other NSAIDs, especially GI, reversible anemias, Na+ retention.
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Heparin
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Systemic anticoagulant, dosed in units, IV only, zero order kinetics. Won't cross placenta. Used for prevention, not Tx. Tx toxicity by antagonizing with weak base.
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Warfarin
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Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant. Onset 12-24 hours (use up clotting factors first), long term clotting preventive (humans mostly), numerous drug interactions. Antidote: vitamin K, fresh blood, plasma.
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Vitamin K
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Systemic coagulant. Only effective if Vit K clotting factors decreased, treats warfarin toxicity.
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Ferrous Sulfate
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Hematinic, used for anemias dt decreased hemoglobin. PO, F better with vitamin C. Antagonize with orally administered chelator.
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Furosemide
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Loop (site 2) diuretic. Loss of Na+, K+, Cl- and subsequently water, Ca++, Mg++. For edema of cardiac, hepatic, renal origin, to decrease capillary pressure, hypercalcemia, improved Eq athletic performance. Dose with "grape-raisin" effect.
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Mannitol
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Osmotic diuretic, IV only. Prevents acute renal failure, Tx cerebral edema. May exacerbate congestive heart failure. Short term use, may crystallize if cold.
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Enalapril
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ACE inhibitor, prodrug for dogs. Improves cardiac output, renal blood flow. PO, distributes generally but targets the kidney.
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Sodium Nitroprusside
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Organic nitrate vasodilator, short acting IV drug for hypertensive emergencies. Highly lipophilic. Too toxic for chronic use.
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Isoxsuprine
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A vasodilator with direct action on skeletal muscle vasculature. Also stimulates the heart indirectly, decreases blood viscosity and platelet aggregation, and inhibits premature labor. Used for decreasing peripheral vascular resistance in large animals.
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Norepinephrine
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Sympathomimetic (a > B) alpha-1 agonist, vasopressor (increases BP). Analogs that cross BBB cause excitation.
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Quinidine
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Class Ia anti-arrythmia drug, has lowered BP as a SE if IV (alpha-1 antagonism/anticholinergic effetcs.) Decreases HR at SA node to treat chronic atrial premature beats, as an alternative for premature contractions, and an alternative for ventricular tachycardia. PO, protein boun (70 - 95%). SE: Increases digoxin's effects, most likely antiarrythmia agent to cause diarrhea, causes immune mediated thrombocytopenia.
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Propanolol
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Class II antiarrythmia agent - decrease HR, decrease AV rate of conduction, not cardiodepressant. Good for supraventricular arrythmias. Beta 1/2 blocker given IV, PO. Decreases BP secondary to cardiac effects and decreased renin.
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Diltiazem
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Class IV antiarrythmic. Indirect sympatholytic that decreases catecholamines by blocking calcium channels. Decreases activity of SNS, cardiodepressant, effect not specific to cardiac tissue - work on smooth muscle which leads to vasodilation and decreased BP. For hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats, PO or IV.
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Digoxin
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Cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure. Inhibits Na/K/ATPase, works on cardiac muscle only. Increases strength of contraction, decreases edema, decreases HR to allow proper filling. Also vagotonic through action at AV and SA nodes. A class V antiarrythmicfor atrial tacharrythmias.
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Lidocaine
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Local anesthetic: amide, stabilizes membranes and decreases Na+ transport across them, vasodilator. Used for local effects (infiltration anesthesia, nerve block, spinal anesthesia, topical on eyes/skin.) Class Ib antiarrythmia agent: No effect on HR, decreases atrial excitability and Purkinje depolarization. Treatment of choice for acute digoxin-induced arrythmias. IV only, low half life, low TI.
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Procainamide
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A class Ia antiarrythmia agent. A better IV drug than quinidine. Also a longer acting alternative to lidocaine. Monitor for immune mediated reactions if long term.
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Isoproteronol
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Sympathomimetic agent for cardiogenic shock (bradyarrhythmia). Cardiostimulatory (B1) and bronchodilatory (B2) effects.
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Epinephrine
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Sympathomimetic (B > a), used as mydriatic and vasodilator.
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Hydrocortisone
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Glucocorticoid/Mineralocorticoid (1:1) used on skin/eyes/ears for autocoid and antiinflammatory effects (membrane stabilization), various other effects. Cannot stop suddenly because can cause adrenal suppression.
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Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
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Free radical scavenging antiinflammatory agent. Also stabilizes membranes and blocks C-fibers. Used topically at 90%, IV <10% for trauma/ischemia.
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Theophylline
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Indirect sympathomimetics that inhibit phosphodiesterase, methylxanthine. Broncodilator, smooth muscle relaxer. Also CNS stimulation, gi acids, tremors, diuresis.
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Acetylcholine
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Non-specific nicotinic stimulator
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Thiopental
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Barbiturate, GABA agonist. CNS depressant, respiratory depressant, cardiovascular depressant. Given IV as short acting preanesthetic
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Pentobarbital
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Barbiturate, GABA agonist. CNS depressant, respiratory depressant, cardiovascular depressant. Intermediate acting, for euthanasia.
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Phenobarbital
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Barbiturate, GABA agonist. CNS depressant, respiratory depressant, cardiovascular depressant. Long acting, injectable/oral for seizures.
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Ketamine
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Glutamate antagonist, dissociative anesthetic. Causes amnesia, catalepsy. No major respiratory depression, but not a good analgesic or muscle relaxant.
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Levothyroxine
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T4, drug that acts on iodine metabolism - for thyroid treatment. Prodrug dosed in mg, long half life (QD dosing).
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Insulin
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Pancreatic hormone for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Emphasis with veterinary patients is on client convenience. Various types available - rapid/short, intermediate, and long acting. Doses must be individualized.
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Glucagon
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Pancreatic hormone used for treatment of hypoglycemia dt insulin overdose or other causes. Also used to Tx shock. Quick onset, short duration.
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Testosterone
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C19 steroid from testes and adrenal glands, androgen used for androgenic and anabolic effects (especially with severe muscle wasting.) Given SC, IV, implants. Can damage liver and germ cells, change lipid metabolism and electrolyte balance, plus have dermal effects.
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Progesterone
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C21 steroid for estrus suppression or maintenance of pregnancy. Given PO or by injection.
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Oxytocin
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Uterine stimulant used to aid parturition and lower postpartum bleeding. Peptide from the posterior pituitary that also increases milk letdown.
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Acetaminophen
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p-Aminopneol/aniline derivative oral analgesic. Weak base, Cox-3 inhibitor. PO only. Toxic in felines dt glucuronidation, toxic in canines long term, liver/kidney toxicity in all species.
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