Pharmacology Chapter 8

Front 1

inflammation is normal reactions to tissues/blood vessels

Back 1

in response to an injury or invasion

Front 2

an inflammation invasion may be

Back 2

environmental or pathogenic microorganisms

Front 3

An infection is an invading microorganism that disturbs

Back 3

normal environment and causes harm

Front 4

An infection is usually accompanied by

Back 4

inflammation

Front 5

what does non-specific mean?

Back 5

the same tissue responses occur with any type of injury or invasion regardless of the location on the body or what caused the response to start

Front 6

the size and severity of inflammation depends on

Back 6

intensity, severity, duration, and extent of the injury or invasion

Front 7

what are some examples of inlfammation without infection?

Back 7

sprained joints and blisters

Front 8

what are some examples of invasion without infection?

Back 8

hay fever, asthma, other allergic reactions

Front 9

what are some examples of inflammation with infection?

Back 9

appendicitis, viral heppatits, bacterial pnuemonia

Front 10

what are signs and symptoms of inflammation?

Back 10

warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and decreased function

Front 11

what are the 3 stages of inflammation?

Back 11

stage1:vascular-vessels

stage2:exudate-drainage

stage3:tissue repair-the healing of tissue

Front 12

stage 1 of inflammation involves

Back 12

WBC's and changes in blood vessels

Front 13

how does dialation affect tissue?

Back 13

causes redness and warmth of tissues, the increased blood flow brings oxygen, nutrients, and more WBC's to injured tissues

Front 14

how does capillary leak syndrome affect tissues?

Back 14

blood plasma leaks into the tissues causing swelling and pain

Front 15

stage 2 of inflammation is large numbers of WBC's are created along the

Back 15

exudate(tissue drainage)

Front 16

stage 3 of inflammation has rapid cell

Back 16

division, this stage can be harmful if it goes on too long

Front 17

anti-inflammatory drugs prevent or limit tissue and blood vessel

Back 17

response to injury or invasion

Front 18

What are the 3 main catergories of anti-inflammatory drugs?

Back 18

corticosteroids, NSAID's, Antihistamines

Front 19

what are some problems treated by anti-inflammatory drugs?

Back 19

asthma, allergic reactions, local or systemic irritation and auto-immune health problems

Front 20

anti-inflammatory drugs can help to prevent

Back 20

rejection of transplanted organs

Front 21

corticosteroids prevent or limit inflammation by slowing or stopping

Back 21

all known pathways of inflammatory mediator production

Front 22

corticosteroids are drugs similar to

Back 22

natural cortisol

Front 23

corticosteroids are the most

Back 23

powerful drugs used for inflammation

Front 24

when corticosteroids are needed for a long period of time, the goal for the PT is to take the lowest dose so that side effects

Back 24

and complications can be minimized

Front 25

corticosteroid intended response is to reduce

Back 25

redness, pain, swelling at site of inflammation, increased function of affected area

Front 26

corticosteroid side effects in short term

Back 26

hypertension, acne, insomnia, nervousness

Front 27

corticosteroid side effects in long term therapy

Back 27

adrenal gland supression, reduced immune function, delayed wound healing, cushingoid appearance

Front 28

adverse effects of corticosteroids would be

Back 28

adrenal gland atrophy, masking of infection

Front 29

the higher the dose of cortico's the

Back 29

the sooner the side effects will appear

Front 30

most of the side effects from higher dose cortico's will go away when

Back 30

the therapy stops, although it may take a year or longer

Front 31

cortico therapy causes high drug blood levels, resulting in

Back 31

adrenal gland shrinkage, and has no circulating cortisol which is necessary for life

Front 32

cushing goid appearance

Back 32

physical changes for long term corticosteroid therapy

Front 33

corticosteroid drugs cannot be

Back 33

stopped suddenly, PT must be slowly decreased off of them

Front 34

corticosteroid drugs are not interchangeable because

Back 34

the strength of the drugs varies

Front 35

what are some symptoms of infection?

Back 35

fever, drainage, foul-smelling urine, productive cough, redness around an open skin area

Front 36

why must a Pt's b/p and weight be checked when on cortico's?

Back 36

sodium and water retention can lead to hypertension and weight gain

Front 37

With cortico's pregnancy and breastfeeding are affected

Back 37

drugs cross the pacenta and are excreted in breast milk

Front 38

cortico's are prescribed for children who have severe or chronic

Back 38

inflammatory problems

Front 39

babies born to mothers taking corticos during the last 3 months tend to be

Back 39

smaller than normal

Front 40

because older pt's are more likely to have diabetes than younger, higher blood glucose levels caused by corticos may make controlling

Back 40

diabetes more difficult

Front 41

NSaids are

Back 41

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Front 42

cox-1 is found in

Back 42

normal cells

Front 43

cox 2

Back 43

found only in inflammatory cells

Front 44

cox1 nsaids are usually taken for

Back 44

pain and inflammation

Front 45

nsaids prevent or limit tissue/blood vessel responses to injury or invasion by

Back 45

slowing the production of 1 or more inflammatory mediators

Front 46

side effects of nsaids:

Back 46

bleeding, GI ulcers, GI pain, fluid retention, hypertension

Front 47

adverse affects of nsaids

Back 47

possible kidney damage, induction of asthma and allergic reactions

Front 48

reduction of blood flow to the kidney can cause

Back 48

high B/P and kidney damage

Front 49

cox2 nsaids usually have fewer side effects than

Back 49

cox1

Front 50

taking 2 or more of NSAids at the same time can

Back 50

increase the side effects and risk for adverse effects

Front 51

do not take nsaids on an

Back 51

empty stomach

Front 52

do not take warfarein (coumadin) when taking

Back 52

NSAID's

Front 53

Avoid giving aspirin to pediatrics because it causes

Back 53

reyes syndrome, mental retardation, death , liver disease

Front 54

nsadis are a catagory c drug fir the first

Back 54

6 months

Front 55

in pregnancy avoid NSAIDS during the last

Back 55

3 months

Front 56

older adults should avoid NSAID's if they have

Back 56

cardiac problems

Front 57

avoid stronger NSAID'S____________ and _________ during the last 3 months of pregnancy they can cause ductus arterious

Back 57

indomethacin/celebrex

Front 58

NSAID's cause salt and water retention that can lead to fluid overload

Back 58

and high B/P both increase risk for heart attack and heart failure

Front 59

signs and symptoms of heart failure:

Back 59

shortness of breath, ankle swelling and weight gain

Front 60

antihistamines reduce inflammation by preventing

Back 60

inflmmatory mediator from binding to the receptor

Front 61

a histamine causes changes that lead

Back 61

to inflammatory response

Front 62

H1 receptors are in

Back 62

blood vessels, respiratory mucous membranes

Front 63

h2 receptors are in

Back 63

stomach linning

Front 64

leukotriene maintains

Back 64

inflammatory response

Front 65

when histamine binds h2 receptors, stomach acid production

Back 65

increases and the risk for stomach ulcers is greatly increased

Front 66

antihistamines that include sedation should not be

Back 66

given during an acute ashtma attack

Front 67

antihistamines may be prescribed as a

Back 67

sleep aid

Front 68

those who have glaucoma, prostate enlargement, hypertension, urinary retention should

Back 68

not take antihistamines

Front 69

seizures are rare with antihistamines at normal doses but in overdose they are

Back 69

common

Front 70

avoid alochol and operating or dirving machinery when taking

Back 70

anihistamines

Front 71

urge the PT to contact the prescriber if vision changes or pain over th eyebrow, which can mean an

Back 71

increase in intraocular pressure

Front 72

when is diphenhydramine (benadryl) given

Back 72

during anaphylaxis

Front 73

laukotriene inhibitors intended response is

Back 73

reduced swelling of oral, nasal, eye, repisratory mucous membranes, reduced secretions, narrowed airways open

Front 74

side effects of leukortiene

Back 74

headach and abdominal pain

Front 75

adverse effects of luekotirene

Back 75

liver impariment and allergic reactions

Front 76

zileuton(zyflo) prevents leukotriene within

Back 76

WBS's

Front 77

Montelukast (singulair) and zarkfirleukast(accolate) block the

Back 77

leukotriene receptors on cells

Front 78

check if theres liver problems with leukotriene

Back 78

before and after giving

Front 79

what signs and symptoms report liver problems

Back 79

jaundice, tenderness in rt upper quadrant, nausea and fatigue