Pharmacology Chapter 6

Front 1

Where do sympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS?

Back 1

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 2

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS?

Back 2

cranial nerves (3,7,9,10) and 3rd and 4th sacral spinal roots

Front 3

What ganglia do some parasympathetic preganglionic terminate? (5)

Back 3

ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic, and several pelvic

Front 4

ANS sensory pathways end in what centers of the CNS?

Back 4

hypothalamus and medulla

Front 5

What system is a large highly organized collection of neurons in the walls of the GI?

Back 5

enteric nervous system

Front 6

What 2 plexus's are in the ENS?

Back 6

myenteric and submucous plexus

Front 7

What is another name for the myenteric plexus?

Back 7

plexus of Auerbach

Front 8

What is another name for the submucous plexus?

Back 8

plexus of Meissner

Front 9

What types of fibers do the ENS plexus's receive?

Back 9

preganglionic parasympathetics and postganglionic sympathetics

Front 10

Where does the ENS send afferent impulses?

Back 10

sympathetic ganglia and directly to the CNS

Front 11

Where are classic synapses and where do they terminate?

Back 11

neuromuscular junction and neuron-neuron synapses are "tight" that terminate in small boutons very close to the tissue innervated

Front 12

What type of junctions are between autonomic neuron terminals and effector cells?

Back 12

clefts that release the transmitter from a chain of varicosities, have a slower onset than classic and involve many effector cells

Front 13

What type of ANS fibers synthesize acetylcholine?

Back 13

cholinergic

Front 14

What type of ANS fibers synthesize norepinephtine?

Back 14

nonadrenergic

Front 15

All preganglionic efferent autonomic fibers release what neurotransmitter?

Back 15

acetylcholine (they are cholinergic)

Front 16

What do adrenal medullary cells release?

Back 16

mixture of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 17

What fibers does the adrenal medulla receive?

Back 17

sympathetic preganglionic

Front 18

In cholinergic neurons, what do large vesicle contain?

Back 18

high concentrations of peptide cotransmitters

Front 19

In cholinergic neurons, what do small clear vesicles contain?

Back 19

acetylcholine

Front 20

Where are cholinergic vesicles synthesized and how to the move?

Back 20

synthesized in the neuron soma and carried to the terminal by axon transport

Front 21

What are VAMPs and what do they connect with?

Back 21

vesicle-associated membrane proteins that align the vesicle with release sites on the inner neuronal membrane called SNAPs

Front 22

Where is acetylcholine synthesized and from what?

Back 22

in the cytoplasm from acetyl-CoA and choline

Front 23

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine?

Back 23

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

Front 24

Where is acetyl-CoA synthezised?

Back 24

mitochondria

Front 25

How is choline moved inside the neuron?

Back 25

choline transporter that is sodium-dependent

Front 26

What drugs block the choline symporter?

Back 26

hemicholiniums

Front 27

How does acetylcholine get into a vesicle?

Back 27

vesicle-associated transporter (VAT) driven by proton efflux

Front 28

What drugs block the VAT?

Back 28

vesamicol

Front 29

What triggers the fusion of VAMP with the terminal membrane?

Back 29

calcium interaction with VAMP synaptotagmin

Front 30

What blocks the acetylcholine vesicle release process?

Back 30

botulinum toxin

Front 31

What terminates a cholinergic synapses?

Back 31

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Front 32

What amino acid is the precursor for catecholamine transmitters?

Back 32

tyrosine

Front 33

In the adrenal medulla and some part of the brain, what is norepinephrine converted into?

Back 33

epinephrine

Front 34

What is the rate limiting step in catecholamine transmitter synthesis?

Back 34

the conversion of tyrosine to dopa

Front 35

What inhibits tyrosine conversion?

Back 35

metyrosine

Front 36

What transfers dopamine, norepinephrine, and other amines into the vesicles?

Back 36

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

Front 37

What blocks VMAT?

Back 37

reserpine

Front 38

What transporter carries norepinephrine from the cleft back into the cell?

Back 38

NET

Front 39

What inhibits NET?

Back 39

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressant drugs

Front 40

What converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the vesicle?

Back 40

dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

Front 41

In noradrenergic nerve endings, what is released from the vesicular transmitter?

Back 41

norepinephrine, ATP, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and peptide cotransmitters

Front 42

What can release stored transmitters from noradrenergic nerve endings without calcium?

Back 42

sympathomimetics (tyramine, amphetamines, and ephedrine)

Front 43

What drugs block noradrengeric vesicle release?

Back 43

guanethidine and bretylium

Front 44

What protein family are NET a member of?

Back 44

SLC family

Front 45

What is the most important inhibitory transmitter in the CNS?

Back 45

GABA

Front 46

What SLC transporter is a target of an antiseziure medication?

Back 46

GAT1

Front 47

What two processes terminate noradrenergic transmission?

Back 47

simple diffusion and reuptake into the nerve terminal by NET

Front 48

What are the 2 primary acetylcholine receptor subtypes?

Back 48

muscarinic and nicotinic

Front 49

What are receptors that respond to catecholamines?

Back 49

adrenoceptors

Front 50

What are receptors that respond to acetylcholine?

Back 50

cholinoceptors

Front 51

What are the 3 subdivisions of adrenoceptors?

Back 51

alpha-, beta- and dopamine

Front 52

What substances are found in ANS nonadrenergic and noncholinergic (NANC) neurons?

Back 52

peptides (mainly), nitric oxide synthase, and purines

Front 53

Where are the ANS and endocrine system integrated?

Back 53

medulla and midbrain

Front 54

What is the primary controlled variable in cardiovascular function?

Back 54

mean arterial pressure

Front 55

What occurs if alpha 2 receptors are activated by norepinephrine?

Back 55

diminishes further release of norepinephrine from these nerve endings

Front 56

What are autoreceptors?

Back 56

presynaptic receptors that respond to primary transmitter substance released by the nerve ending

Front 57

What are heteroreceptors?

Back 57

regulatory receptors that are activated by substances released from other nerve terminals that synapse with the nerve ending

Front 58

How does pharmaacologic supersentivity occur in autonomic effector tissue?

Back 58

drugs deplete transmitter stores and prevent activation of postsynaptic receptors, increase in receptors

Front 59

Are drugs that block action potential propagation selective or nonselective?

Back 59

nonselective

Front 60

Drugs that block or activate effector cell receptors are most or least selective?

Back 60

most

Front 61

What mediates contraction of the circular pupillary constrictor muscle and ciliary muscle?

Back 61

parasympathetic nerve activity and muscarinic cholinomimetics

Front 62

What is miosis?

Back 62

reduction in pupil size

Front 63

What muscle causes miosis?

Back 63

pupillary constrictor muscle

Front 64

What does contraction of the ciliary muscle do?

Back 64

accommodation of focus for near vision

Front 65

What does contraction of the ciliary muscle do to the trabecular meshwork?

Back 65

puts tension opening its pores and allow aqueous humor to slow into the canal of Schlemm

Front 66

What mediates contraction of the pupillary dilator muscle?

Back 66

alpha adrenoceptors

Front 67

What does contraction of the pupillary dilator muscle result in?

Back 67

Mydriasis

Front 68

What receptors on the ciliary epithelium allow secretion of aqueous humor?

Back 68

beta adrenoceptors