Pharmacology Chapter 5

Front 1

Anti microbial agents are used to: (2)

Back 1

1. Prevent infection
2. Treat infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms

Front 2

Antimicrobial applies to several categoris of agents including: (5)

Back 2

1. Antivirals
2. Antibacterials
3. Antiprotozoas
4. Antifungals
5. Antiparasitic

Front 3

Natural chemicals produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms and adjuncts that assist the patient's own defenses to precent or diminish the severity of postoperative surgical site infections are knownn as:

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Antibiotics

Front 4

The prevention of postoperative wound infections is known as:

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Prophylaxis

Front 5

Postoperative wound infections are commonly referred to as:

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SSI (surgical site infections)

Front 6

The body's first line of defense is the:

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Skin

Front 7

The source of pathogenic microorganisms can be one of the following:

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Endogenous or Exogenous

Front 8

Comes from the patient's own bacteria

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Endogenous

Front 9

Comes from outside the patient

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Exogenous

Front 10

Process of growing microbes in culture to determine the infecting pathogen and exposure to various antibiotics to determine which agent will best inhibit pathogens growth

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Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

Front 11

Rapid identification test that assists physicians in prescribing an initial course of antibiotic therapy, usually performed in a surgical procedure called I&D.

Back 11

Gram Staining

Front 12

Study of shapes

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Morphology

Front 13

Spirilla

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spiral shaped

Front 14

Bacilli

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rod or oblong shaped

Front 15

Cocci

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round or spherical shaped

Front 16

Must act against pathogenic microorganisms without harming host cells

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Selective Toxicity

Front 17

Early or pre nucleus

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prokaryotes
(karyote meants nucleus)

Front 18

True karyotes

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Eukaryotes
(ex: plants, animals, fungi)

Front 19

Antimicrobial Action (5)

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1. inhibit cell wall sythesis
2. inhibit production of nucleic acid
3. interfere with protein synthesis
4. interfere with cell metabolism
5. alter cell membrane function

Front 20

Agents that kill bacteria

Back 20

Bactericidal

Front 21

Agents that inhibit bacterial growth and rely on host's own immune system to take over once the pathogenic microorganism is suppressed

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Bacteriostatic

Front 22

Antimicrobial agent with wide range of activity, usually effective against both gram positive and negative bacteria

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Broad spectrum antibiotic

Front 23

Antimicrobial agent with smaller range of activity, usually effective against only one bacteria, gram positive or gram negative

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Narrow spectrum antibiotic

Front 24

Antimicrobial agent effective against just one species of microorganisms

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Limited spectrum antibiotic

Front 25

Ability of some strains of pathogenic microbes to prevent or overcome the activity of antimicrobial agents and mechanisms generally fit into 3 major categories

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Antibiotic resistance

Front 26

3 major categories antibiotic resistance:

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1. The microorganism may manufacture microbial enzymes that inactivatethe antibiotic
2. The cell membrane may be altered to prevent the antibiotic from entering the cell
3. the target area, such as ribosome, may be altered so that the agen is no longer effective

Front 27

resistant to methicillin, found in mucous membranes

Back 27

Methycillin Resistant Staphylococcuu Aureus (MRSA)

Front 28

resistant to vancomycin, found in the digestive tract

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Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE)

Front 29

Also called antibiotics, can be administered intravenously, topically in irrigation solutions, or as ointments in surgical procedures

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Antibacterial Agents

Front 30

5 major groups of antibiotics

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1. Aminoglycosides
2. Cephalosporins
3. Macrolides
4. Penicillins
5. Tetracyclines

Front 31

New class of synthetic antibiotics, inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by targeting a specific ribisomal subunit, administered orally, or intravenously, and used to treat infectiosn caused by MRSA and VRE

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Oxazolidinone

Front 32

inhibit DNA-gyrase (a protein needed for bacterial replication), low toxicity, and a broad spectrum activity against gram positive and negative aerobes, administered orally or intravenously, used to treat systemic infections such as UTIs

Back 32

Quinolones

Front 33

Not really antibiotics, they are antimicrobials commonly known as sulfa drugs, interfere with cell metabolism by inhibiting bacterial synthesis of folic acid, limited in use because of increasing microbial resistance but are still prescribed for non obstructed UTIs, severe burns, and superficial eye infections, administered orally, topically, and occassionally intravenously

Back 33

Sulfonamides

Front 34

Example of Quinolones

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Cipro

Front 35

Example of Sulfonamides

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Silvadene

Front 36

Synthetic antibiotic intended for intravenous administration, bactericidal against anaerobic gram positive and negative bacilli, used for prophylaxis in colorectal procedures

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Metronidazole

Front 37

Example of metronidazole

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Flagyl

Front 38

Antibiotic used to treat infections caused by MRSA, bactericidal only against gram positive bacteria, blocks a reaction needed to form crosslinks in the cell wall, also alters cell membrane permeability and interferes with RNA synthesis, administered intravenously

Back 38

Vancomycin

Front 39

Example of Vancomycin

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Vanocin

Front 40

Antibiotics combined with other drugs and used to treat specific conditions are known as:

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Combination Agents

Front 41

Used in opthalmic surgery, combination of neomycin and polymixin B sulfate, an antibiotic and an anti inflammatory, also available combined with bacitracin in an ointment

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Cortisporin

Front 42

Used primarily in abdominal and urological surgical procedures, combination of neomycin and polymixin B sulfate, an antibiotic and an anti inflammatory

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Neosporin G.U. Irrigant

Front 43

First broad spectrum antibiotic obtained from cultures, bacteriostatic against many gram positive and negative microbes, bind to the bacterial ribosomal subunit, interfering with protein synthesis, use is limited because of antibiotic resistance development, used primarily to treat acne, rickettsial infections

Back 43

Tetracyclines

Front 44

Interfere with protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes, bactericidal, and active against aerobic, and gram negative bacteria, provides some activity against gram positive organisms. Poorly absorbed orally. Indicated for short term treatment of serious infections due to susceptible organisms

Back 44

Aminoglycosides

Front 45

Broad spectrum antibiotics, bactericidal, and target cell wall synthesis, classified into 4 generations based on ranges of activity

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Cephalosporins

Front 46

generation active against many gram positive and some gram negative microbes

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1st generation

Front 47

generation effective on a wider variety of gram negative, but fewer gram positive microbes

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2nd generation

Front 48

generation with wider range of activity and effective against gram negative microbes than 2nd generaion, but less effecitve on gram positive microbes

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3rd generation

Front 49

generation that has an extended spectrum on both gram positive and negative microbes

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4th generation

Front 50

Used as prophylaxis in a variety of surgical procedures and often given when patients are allergic to penicillin

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Cephalosporins

Front 51

Include erhytromycins, and are a group of broad spectrum agents that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the prokaryotic ribisomal subunity. Bacteriostatic for most bacteria and are bactericidal for several gram positive bacteria

Back 51

Macrolides

Front 52

First antibiotic developed, extracted from mold, effective against a wide variety of gram positive and negative microbes, bactericidal, and block an enzyme needed to strengthen the bacterial cell wall, so cell eventually ruptures

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Penicillins

Front 53

4 major categories of penicillin

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1. Natural
2. Penicillinase resistant
3. Aminopenicillins
4. Broad spectrum

Front 54

To be effective, antimicrobial agents must have: (3)

Back 54

1. Selective toxicity
2. Prokaryotes
3. Eukaryotes