Pharmacology Chapter 3 - Principles Of Pharmacology

Front 1

What is the most common drug name used?

Back 1

Generic name

Front 2

Generic name drugs are also called _________ this was the name given to a drug before there was any specific trade name?

Back 2

Non-proprietary drugs

Front 3

Examples of non-proprietary drugs are?

Back 3

Acetaminophen

Ibuprofen

Front 4

True or false - generic drug names are capitalized

Back 4

False - they are written in lower case

Front 5

Why is the symbol (r) placed beside the trade name of a drug?

Back 5

It shows that the trade name is registered and no one else can use the name but the drug owner

Front 6

Is the first letter of the trade name capitalize or not?

Back 6

Capitalized

Front 7

On a typical medication label where is the generic name found?

Back 7

Below the trade name

Front 8

The trade name of a drug is also known as the?

Back 8

Brand name

Front 9

What the body does to the drugs or the action of the drugs in the body is known as?

Back 9

Pharmacokinetics

Front 10

The effect the drug has on the body function or what the drug does to the body is known as

Back 10

Pharmacodynamics

Front 11

The use of drugs in the treatment of disease is known as?

Back 11

Pharmacotherapeutics

Front 12

Drugs forms a chemical reaction in the body at the?

Back 12

Receptor site

Front 13

What is a receptor site?

Back 13

Small locklike area of the cell membrane that controls what substance enters the cell or change the cell activity

Front 14

What is the only way a chemical reaction between a drug and a receptor site possibly?

Back 14

The drug has to fit into the receptor site like a lock and key to open it

Front 15

Drugs that activate and unlock the receptor are known as?

Back 15

Receptor agonist

Front 16

True or false receptor agonists have the same function as the body's own chemical

Back 16

True

Front 17

What is the body internal system for for regulating pain?

Back 17

Opioid receptors

Front 18

In the lock and key system of drug and receptor to allow drugs to enter the cell the ______ is the lock and the _______ is the key

Back 18

Lock is the receptor

Drugs is the key

Front 19

If a person is in pain, what is a way that the body can naturally produce its own receptor agonist/chemical to stop the pain without taking drugs?

Back 19

Deep breathing which releases endorphins from the receptor cells to slow down the pain

Front 20

Drugs that attach to the receptor but produces a partial effect are known as?

Back 20

Partial agonist

Front 21

How does partial agonist drug work?

Back 21

They help to boost the effect of another drug

Front 22

What is the role/function of an antagonist drug?

Back 22

It attaches to the drug receptor site but does not unlock it, it instead work to block agonist drugs

Front 23

Give an example of how an antagonist drug works

Back 23

When there is an overdose of a drug an antagonist drug is given to block the cell receptor from an agonist drug to continue chemically changing the cell thus reversing the effects

Front 24

Name the four basic process involved in how the body utilize drugs?

Back 24

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Front 25

What is absorption?

Back 25

The way the drug enters the body and goes through the circulation/bloodstream

Front 26

Absorption takes place through three different processes?

Back 26

Diffusion

Filtration

Osmosis

Front 27

Is diffusion, osmosis and filtration active or passive transportation?

Back 27

Passive transportation

Front 28

Explain why is diffusion, osmosis and filtration a passive transport?

Back 28

Because they do not need ATP (adenosine triphosphate) aka energy to move

Front 29

Osmosis, diffusion and filtration uses this type of passive energy called?

Back 29

Kinetic energy

Front 30

How does kinetic energy works?

Back 30

Producing a simple back and forth movement of molecules

Front 31

What is diffusion?

Back 31

Substances moving from a high concentration to a low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

Example - a teabag that has a high concentration of solute in the teabag is infused in water where some of the particles moves through the teabag to the water that is not concentrated

Front 32

What is osmosis?

Back 32

Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane where water tend to move out of a high concentrated area to a low concentrated area

Dialysis is done in this way - the water moves out of the high concentrated area leaving the waste products

Front 33

What is filtration?

Back 33

Passage of substance through a filter where the material prevents Passage of molecules

Front 34

True or false - when a solute is going down the concentration gradient it needs ATP?

Back 34

False

Front 35

When the heart muscle is at rest this electrolyte stays outside the cell?

Back 35

Sodium (Na+)

Front 36

When the heart is at rest this electrolyte stays inside the cell?

Back 36

Potassium (K+)

Front 37

Where does potassium and sodium go when the heart contracts

Back 37

Potassium leaves the heart

Sodium enters the heart

Front 38

T or F - Drugs does not need to be fully dissolved before entering the body tissues?

Back 38

False - all drugs must be dissolved

Front 39

What is solubility?

Back 39

The ability of the drug to be dissolved

Front 40

Name the routes of drug administration?

Back 40

Enteral

Orally

Rectal

Parenteral/IV

Injection (subcutaneous/intramuscular and intradermal)

Epidural

Topical/percutaneous

Sublingual

Buccal

Inhalation

Front 41

Where on the body is a drug absorbed percutaneously?

Back 41

Skin

Front 42

Where in the body does drugs have a high chance of absorption?

Back 42

In the blood

Front 43

What route of administration of drugs is most likely to get into the get into the bloodstream the fastest

Back 43

Intravenous (IV)

Front 44

Drugs gets into the bloodstream and Immediately to the tissues by this route of administration?

Back 44

IV - intravenous

Front 45

Movement of the drug from circulation in the bloodstream to the tissue for it to take action is this process of how the body utilize drugs

Back 45

Distribution

Front 46

What is tissue perfusion?

Back 46

How much blood can penetrate the tissue

Front 47

Are drugs evenly distributed to all tissue types? Explain your answer?

Back 47

No - different tissue types have different rates of blood perfusion which makes some tissue easy to distribute drugs and some hard to ... for example - it is hard to distribute drugs to the bone

Front 48

Are drugs only attracted to receptor cells only?

Back 48

No - some drugs are attracted to tissue

Example - there are drugs that dissolve in fat/adipose tissue

Front 49

What is drug metabolism?

Back 49

The transformation or alteration of drugs into active or inactive chemicals

Front 50

The process of making a drug an active or inactive chemical is known as?

Back 50

Biotransformation

Front 51

Where does biotransformation/metabolism takes place in the body?

Back 51

Liver

Front 52

What in the liver breaks down or metabolizes chemicals in a drug into usable or unusable parts?

Back 52

Enzymes

Front 53

Are all the parts of a drug usable or active? Explain your answer...

Back 53

No - some parts of the drug are non usable or inactive because they only carry the preservatives for the drug

Example - so that the drug does not expire or it can contain the chemical to make the therapeutic part of the drug work

Front 54

What has to happen in the body to make the non usable part of the drug used for a therapeutic reason?

Back 54

They have to be transformed and activated by enzymes

Front 55

Drugs thathave to be transformed and activated by enzymes for therapeutic use are known as?

Back 55

Pro-drugs

Front 56

What are first pass drugs

Back 56

Drugs that are broken down before they reach the liver, prior to being released to the rest of the body.

Front 57

Does a first pass drug have a high concentration or a low concentration? Explain why.

Back 57

Low concentration.

Much of the drugs is inactivated before it reaches the liver.

Front 58

What is the best route to take a first pass drug

Back 58

Intravenously (IV)

Front 59

Does the route of a first pass drug affect how much is needed/administered? Explain why.

Back 59

Yes.

You would need less administered through the IV than orally, because the IV reaches the bloodstream quicker than oral, as oral would break down the drug on the first pass.

Front 60

If you can tolerate a drug do you need a higher or lower dose?

Back 60

Higher dose

Front 61

If you have a drug sensitivity do you need a higher dose?

Back 61

No - low dose is required

Front 62

The liver enzyme pathway is known as?

Back 62

Cytochrome P-450 system

Front 63

Why does cytochrome P-450 play a role in adverse drug reactions?

Back 63

It has inhibitors that will slow down the drug metabolism and increase the effect or speed up the metabolism and decrease the effect

Front 64

What is the process of movement of metabolized active and inactive chemical from the body called?

Back 64

Excretion

Front 65

Name the different ways of excretion of chemicals from the body?

Back 65

Feces

Urine

Exhalation/BREATHING

Tears

EVAPORATION - sweating

Saliva

Front 66

Why is it important when you're administering a drug to monitor the urine function of a patient?

Back 66

If the patient has renal/kidney failure or a low output chemicals will remain in the body and become toxic

Front 67

What is the process of pharmacokinetics?

Back 67

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Front 68

Explain the full process of pharmacokinetics

Back 68

Absorption consists of: diffusion, filtration and osmosis

Distribution: how the absorbed drug is distributed via the blood and lymph on sites of action such as the liver, kidney, adipose tissue, muscle etc

Metabolism: primarily in the liver that transforms drugs into usable and non usable

Excretion: removal of Chemical waste products by the lungs, kidney and GI tract

Front 69

Grapefruit juice affects the absorption of these drugs?

Back 69

Antihistamines

Cholesterol lowering drugs

HIV drugs

Transplantation drugs

Front 70

What Is a drug half-life?

Back 70

The standard method of describing how long a drug takes to metabolize and excrete from the body - or the time it takes for 50% of the drug to be removed from the body

Front 71

What does it mean if a drug has a long half-life?

Back 71

It stays in your body longer and continues to have an effect for a long duration

Front 72

If a drug has a long half-life should you take the drug more or less frequent? Explain why...

Back 72

Less frequent

Why? Because you take too much you will have an adverse reaction or overdose of the medication

Front 73

If a drug has a long half-life how often should you take it?

Back 73

One per day

Front 74

If the drug half-life is short should you take more or less of the drug? Why

Back 74

More

Because you need to keep the correct dose in the bloodstream

Front 75

What happens if a persons kidneys or liver does not metabolize or excrete a drug given?

Back 75

Continuous drug administration will produce symptoms of overdose

Front 76

What does the half-life of a drug helps to explain to a nurse?

Back 76

How much drug should be taken

How often the drug is to be taken

How long the drug will last

Front 77

Why is a kidney and liver blood work taken before administration of drugs?

Back 77

To determine how much drug is given to the patient based on whether or not they can metabolize or excrete the drug

Front 78

Some drugs comes in an _________ or ________form for ease of administration

Back 78

Extended release (ER)

Long-acting

Front 79

Name two types of extended release or long-acting drugs

Back 79

Narcotics

Antihypertensive