Pharmacology Chapter 25 4/7/2011

Front 1

ACQUIRED RESISTANCE

Back 1

when a microbe is no longer affected by a drug following treatment with anti-infectives

Front 2

when a microbe is no longer affected by a drug following treatment with anti-infectives

Back 2

ACQUIRED RESISTANCE

Front 3

ANTAGONISM

Back 3

type of drug interaction in which one drug inhibits the effectivenes of another

Front 4

type of drug interaction in which one drug inhibits the effectivenes of another

Back 4

ANTAGONISM

Front 5

ANTI-INFECTIVE

Back 5

General term for any medication effective against pathogens

Front 6

General term for any medication effective against pathogens

Back 6

ANTI-INFECTIVE

Front 7

ANTIBIOTIC

Back 7

Substance produced by a microorganism that inabits or kills other microorganisms

Front 8

Substance produced by a microorganism that inabits or kills other microorganisms

Back 8

ANTIBIOTIC

Front 9

BACTERIOCIDAL

Back 9

Substance that has the ability to kill bacteria.
bacterio = bacteria
cidal = kill

Front 10

Substance that has the ability to kill bacteria.
bacterio = bacteria
cidal = kill

Back 10

BACTERIOCIDAL

Front 11

BACTERIOSTATIC

Back 11

Substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria

Front 12

Substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria

Back 12

BACTERIOSTATIC

Front 13

BETA-LACTAM RING

Back 13

Chemical structure found in most penicillins and some cephlosporins

Front 14

Chemical structure found in most penicillins and some cephlosporins

Back 14

BETA-LACTAM RING

Front 15

BETA-LACTAMASE/PENICILLINASE

Back 15

an enzyme secreted by some bacteria that splits the beta-lactam ring;

able to inacivate many penicillins and cephlosporins

Front 16

an enzyme secreted by some bacteria that splits the beta-lactam ring;

able to inacivate many penicillins and cephlosporins

Back 16

BETA-LACTAMASE/PENICILLINASE

Front 17

BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

Back 17

Anti-infective that is effective against many different gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

Front 18

Anti-infective that is effective against many different gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

Back 18

BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

Front 19

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

Back 19

Use of a drug to prevent an infection

Front 20

Use of a drug to prevent an infection

Back 20

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

Front 21

CULTURE & SENSITIVITY (C&S) TESTING

Back 21

- lab tests used to identify bacteria
- determines which antibiotic is most effective

Front 22

Lab tests used identify bacteris and determine which antibiotic is most effective

Back 22

CULTURE & SENSITIVITY (C&S) TESTING

Front 23

HOST FLORA

Back 23

Normal microorganism found in or on a patient.

Front 24

Normal microorganism found in or on a patient.

Back 24

HOST FLORA

Front 25

MUTATION

Back 25

Permanent, inheritable changes to DNA

Front 26

Permanent, inheritable changes to DNA

Back 26

MUTATION

Front 27

NARROW-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

Back 27

Anti-infective; effective on one or a small number of organisms

Front 28

Anti-infective; effective on one or a small number of organisms

Back 28

NARROW-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

Front 29

NEPHROTOXICITY

Back 29

adverse effect on the kidneys

Front 30

adverse effect on the kidneys

Back 30

NEPHROTOXICITY

Front 31

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

Back 31

Infections acquired in a health care setting (hospital, physican's office, or nusing home)

Front 32

Infections acquired in a health care setting (hospital, physican's office, or nusing home)

Back 32

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

Front 33

ototoxcity

Back 33

adverse effect on hearing

Front 34

adverse effect on hearing

Back 34

OTOTOXIVITY

Front 35

PATHOGEN

Back 35

Organism capable of causing disease

Front 36

Organism capable of causing disease

Back 36

PATHOGEN

Front 37

PATHOGENICITY

Back 37

Ability of an organism to cause disease

Front 38

Ability of an organism to cause disease

Back 38

PATHOGENICITY

Front 39

PHOTOSENSITIVITY

Back 39

Condition that offurs when the skin is very sensitve to the sun

Front 40

Condition that offurs when the skin is very sensitve to the sun

Back 40

PHOTOSENSITIVITY

Front 41

PLASMID

Back 41

Small piece of circular DNA found in some bacteria that is able to transfer resistance from one bacterium to another

Front 42

Small piece of circular DNA found in some bacteria that is able to transfer resistance from one bacterium to another

Back 42

PLASMID

Front 43

RED-MAN SYNDROME

Back 43

Rash on the upper body caused by certain anti-infectives

Front 44

Rash on the upper body caused by certain anti-infectives

Back 44

RED-MAN SYNDROME

Front 45

SUPERINFECTIONS

Back 45

Condition caused when a microorganism grows rapidly as a result of having less competition in its environment

Front 46

Condition caused when a microorganism grows rapidly as a result of having less competition in its environment

Back 46

SUPERINFECTIONS

Front 47

TOXIN

Back 47

Chemical produced by microorganism that is able to cause injury to its host

Front 48

Chemical produced by microorganism that is able to cause injury to its host

Back 48

TOXIN

Front 49

TUBERCIDES

Back 49

Cavity-like lesion in the lung characteristic of infection by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Front 50

Cavity-like lesion in the lung characteristic of infection by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Back 50

TUBERCIDES

Front 51

Drug Class:
PENICILLINS (CILLINS)

Back 51

Drug Profiles:
Penicillin G Sodium/Postassium

Front 52

Drug Profiles:
Penicillin G Sodium/Postassium

Back 52

Drug Class:
PENICILLINS (CILLINS)

Front 53

Drug Class:
CEPHALOSPORINS (CEF) (CEPH)

Back 53

Drug Profiles:
CEFOTAXIME (Cloforan)

Front 54

Drug Profiles:
CEFOTAXIME (Cloforan)

Back 54

Drug Class:
CEPHALOSPORINS (CEF) (CEPH)

Front 55

Drug Class:
TETRACYCLINES (CYCLINES)

Back 55

Drug Profiles:
tetracycline (Sumycin)

Front 56

Drug Profiles:
tetracycline (Sumycin)

Back 56

Drug Class:
TETRACYCLINES (CYCLINES)

Front 57

Drug Class:
MICROLIDES (ROMYCIN)

Back 57

Drug Profiles:
erythromycin (E-Mycin Erythrocin)

Front 58

Drug Profiles:
erythromycin (E-Mycin Erythrocin)

Back 58

Drug Class:
MICROLIDES (romycin)

Front 59

Drug Class:
AMINOGLYCOSIDES (mycin) (micin)

Back 59

Drug Profiles:
gentamicin

Front 60

Drug Profiles:
gentamicin

Back 60

Drug Class:
AMINOGLYCOSIDES (mycin) (micin)

Front 61

Drug Classes:
FLOROQUINOLONES
(FLOXACIN)
(ACID)

Back 61

Drug Profiles:
ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Front 62

Drug Profiles:
ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Back 62

Drug Classes:
FLOROQUINOLONES
(FLOXACIN)
(ACID)

Front 63

Drug Classes:
SULFONAMIDES (SULF)

Back 63

Drug Profiles:
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)

Front 64

Drug Profiles:
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)

Back 64

Drug Classes:
SULFONAMIDES (SULF)

Front 65

Drug Classes:
ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS

Back 65

Drug Profiles:
isonaizid (INH, Nydrazid)

Front 66

Drug Profiles:
isonaizid (INH, Nydrazid)

Back 66

Drug Classes:
ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS

Front 67

DRUG PROFILE:

Penicillin G Sodium/Potassium (CILLIN)

Back 67

Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial

Pharmacologic Class: Cell wall inhibitor, natural pennicillin

Mechanism of Action: kills bacteria by disrupting their cell walls; narrow spectrum (Anti-infective; effective on one or a small number of organisms)

Preferred Drug for:
Strep, pneumococci, staph, organisms that do not produce penicillinase, gonorhea, syphillis.

Few side effects; but can include (diarrea, nausea and vomiting), fever, rash, low red blood cell, white blood cell or platelet counts

Often Given by: PO (q4-6h) , IV or IM

Gram positive

Low oral absorption

Leading contra indication: Allergy (spontaneous allergy); anaphylaxis

Front 68

extended-spectrum penicillin

Back 68

effective againt even more micobial species than aminopenicillins;

extended to unusual bactera
Carabencillin ( Geocillin) and piperacillin

Front 69

DRUG PROFILE:

Cefotaxime (Claforan) (CEF)

Back 69

Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial; gram negative infections

Pharmacologic Class: Cell wall inhibitor (inhibits cell wall synthesis), 3rd generation Cephalosporin

Mechanism of Action: narrow-spectrum (Anti-infective; effective on one or a small number of organisms)
; kills bacteria by disrupting their cell walls; bacteriocidal.

Preferred Drug for:
serious infections/ lower respiratory tract, CNS, bones, joints, blood infections

Few side effects; but can include (diarrhea, nausea and vomiting), fever, rash, low red blood cell, white blood cell or platelet counts

Given by: IV or IM

Resistant to beta-lactamases

Use when unable to take penicillin

Leading contra indication: minor rash and itching, anaphylaxis is possible; GI related effects; when has a severe allergic reaction to penicillin

Front 70

DRUG PROFILE:

Tetracycline (Sumycin, Others) (CYCLINES)

Back 70

Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial; gram negative and gram positive infections

Pharmacologic Class: Tetracycline, Protein synthesis inhibitor; short acting

Mechanism of Action: bacteriostatic; broad spectrum (one of the broadest spectrums);

Preferred Drug for:
Acne; Rocky mountain spotted fever; typhus; cholera; Lyme disease, Chlamydia; treat drug-resistant intra-abdominal infections and complicated skin infections, especially from MRSA; acne;

Side effects: GI effects common; photosensitivity (sunburn easily); effects flora (yeast); risk for super infection is high

Leading contra indication: not for children under 9; pregnancy category D;

Given by: Topical (acne), PO low doses (2-4daily), IV or IM

Do not take with milk or dairy; 1-2 hrs. before/after a meal

Front 71

Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial; gram negative and gram positive infections

Pharmacologic Class: Tetracycline, Protein synthesis inhibitor; short acting

Mechanism of Action: bacteriostatic; broad spectrum (one of the broadest spectrums);

Preferred Drug for:
Acne; Rocky mountain spotted fever; typhus; cholera; Lyme disease, Chlamydia; treat drug-resistant intra-abdominal infections and complicated skin infections, especially from MRSA; acne;

Side effects: GI effects common; photosensitivity (sunburn easily); effects flora (yeast); risk for super infection is high

Leading contra indication: not for children under 9; pregnancy category D;

Given by: Topical (acne), PO low doses (2-4daily), IV or IM

Do not take with milk or dairy; 1-2 hrs. before/after a meal

Back 71

DRUG PROFILE:

Tetracycline (Sumycin, Others) (CYCLINES)

Front 72

DRUG PROFILE:

Macrolides

Back 72

Perscribed for infections that are resistant to penicillins;

used in place of penicillin due to allergies;

broader spectrum than penicillin

Bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic depending on the dose and target organism

Front 73

Drug Profile:

Erythromycin (E-Mycin, Erythrocin)

Back 73

Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial; gram negative infections

Pharmacologic Class: Macrolide Protein synthesis inhibitor; short acting (ROMYCIN), broad spectrum;

Mechanism of Action: bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Preferred Drug for: Whooping cough; Legionnaires disease; strep infections; Chlamydia; peptic ulcer

Few side effects; Mild GI upset; diarrhea, abdominal pain/cramping; watch for superinfections;

Leading contra indication: NONE

Main application: those allergic to penicillin; or have a penicillin resistant infection

Given by: PO with coated tablet-dissolves in small intestine (inactivated by stomach acid); take with food

Safe alternative to penicillin; broader spectrum than penicillin; used in place of penicillin due to allergies to penicillin

Front 74

Therapeutic Class: Antibacterial; gram negative infections

Pharmacologic Class: Macrolide Protein synthesis inhibitor; short acting (ROMYCIN), broad spectrum;

Mechanism of Action: bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Preferred Drug for: Whooping cough; Legionnaires disease; strep infections; Chlamydia; peptic ulcer

Few side effects; Mild GI upset; diarrhea, abdominal pain/cramping; watch for superinfections;

Leading contra indication: NONE

Main application: those allergic to penicillin; or have a penicillin resistant infection

Given by: PO with coated tablet-dissolves in small intestine (inactivated by stomach acid); take with food

Safe alternative to penicillin; broader spectrum than penicillin; used in place of penicillin due to allergies to penicillin

Back 74

Drug Profile:

Erythromycin (E-Mycin, Erythrocin)

Front 75

Drug Profile:

Aminoglycides

Back 75

Narrow spectrum

more toxin than most dntibiotics but have important therapeutic applications for the treatment of a nubmer of aerobic gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria (TB)and some protozoans

Given perenterally because they are poorly absorbedin GI tract

Limited because can cause serious side effects


Bacteriocidal and bacteriastatic
Mechanism: kills bacteria and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Reserved for serious aerobicgram-negative infections (e-coli, psedumonas)

Front 76

Drug Profile:

Gentamicin (cin)

Back 76

b

Front 77

Pathogens

Back 77

organisms that cause disease by invading tisue or secreting toxins

Front 78

organisms that cause disease by invading tisue or secreting toxins

Back 78

Pathogens

Front 79

anti-infective drugs

Back 79

classified by their chemical stsructres or by mechanism of action

Front 80

classified by their chemical stsructres or by mechanism of action

Back 80

anti-infective drugs

Front 81

anti- inffective drugs act by

Back 81

selectively targeting a pathogens metabolism or life cycle

Front 82

selectively targeting a pathogens metabolism or life cycle

Back 82

anti-infective drug acts by

Front 83

aquired resistance

Back 83

major clinical problem worsend by improper use of anti-infectives

Front 84

major clinical problem worsend by improper use of anti-infectives

Back 84

aquired resistance

Front 85

careful selection of antibiotics is seesntial for

Back 85

pharmacotherapy and to limit adverse effects

Front 86

the oldest and afest groups of anti-infectives

Back 86

Penicillins

Front 87

Cephalosporins are simiar in structure and function to

Back 87

Penicillins

Front 88

Most widely prescribed anti-infective class

Back 88

Cephalosporins

Front 89

Broad spectrum but drug of choice for few diseases

Back 89

Tetracyclines

Front 90

Tetracyclines

Back 90

Broad spectrum but drug of choice for few diseases

Front 91

Cephalosporins

Back 91

Most widely prescribed anti-infective class

Front 92

Macrolides

Back 92

safe alternatives to penicillin for many infections

Front 93

safe alternatives to penicillin for many infections

Back 93

Macrolides

Front 94

Aminoglycosides

Back 94

narrow-spectrum drugs and can cause serious toxicity

Front 95

Flourquinolones

Back 95

wide clinical applications due to broad spectrum of activity and relative safety

Front 96

wide clinical applications due to broad spectrum of activity and relative safety

Back 96

Flourquinolones

Front 97

Sulfonamides

Back 97

traditional drugs of choice for UTI

Front 98

Traditional drugs of choice for UTI

Back 98

Sulfonamides

Front 99

Pharmacotherapy of TB requires

Back 99

special dosing regimes and schedules from 6-9-12 mos

Front 100

Pharmacologic classes

Back 100

group anti-infectives by their mechanism of action

Front 101

Chemical class

Back 101

refer to fundamental chemical structure of anti-infectives

Front 102

Four principles for disease precention by the CDC

Back 102

1: Prevent infections whenever posible (teach patient the importance of getting immunizations)

2: Restrict the use of antibiotics to those conditions deemed mecially necessary

3: Advise the patient ot take anti-infectives for the full length of therapy

4: Prevent transmission of the pathogen by using proper infection control procedures (standard precautions and teaching patients proper hygiene)

Front 103

1: Prevent infections whenever posible (teach patient the importance of getting immunizations)

2: Restrict the use of antibiotics to those conditions deemed mecially necessary

3: Advise the patient ot take anti-infectives for the full length of therapy

4: Prevent transmission of the pathogen by using proper infection control procedures (standard precautions and teaching patients proper hygiene)

Back 103

Four principles for disease precention by the CDC

Front 104

To recieve antibiotic to prevent infection

Back 104

prophylactic or chemoprophylaxis

Front 105

prophylactic or chemoprophylaxis

Back 105

To recieve antibiotic to prevent infection

Front 106

Broad-spectrum antibiotics tend to:

Back 106

cause uperinfections because they kill so many different species of mocro organisms

Front 107

cause uperinfections because they kill so many different species of mocro organisms

Back 107

Broad-spectrum antibiotics tend to:

Front 108

Bacteria is classified by their

Back 108

staining ability, structural and funtional characteristics

Front 109

Anti-infective drugs are classified by:

Back 109

similarities in their chemical structures or by their mechanism of action

Front 110

Cephalasporins used for

Back 110

serious gram-negitive infections and those patients who cannot tollerate penicillin