Pharmacology Chapter 1,2,3

Front 1

synergistic effect

Back 1

a drug interaction that results from combined drug effects that are greater than those that could have been achieved if the drug were gived alone

Front 2

substrate

Back 2

a substance on which an eczyme acts

Front 3

steady state

Back 3

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Front 4

side effect

Back 4

any undesirable effect of a medication that is expected or anticipated to occur in a predictable percentage of pt who recieve a given med

Front 5

receptor

Back 5

a molecular structure within or on the outer surface of cells receptors are characterized by the binding of specific substances

Front 6

prodrug

Back 6

an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical chemical reactions once inside the body

Front 7

pharmacogenetics

Back 7

the study of genetic factors and their influence on drug response

Front 8

parent drug

Back 8

the chemical form of a drug that is administered to the body before it is metabolized by the bodys biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites

Front 9

3 primary protiens that bind to and carry drugs

Back 9

albumin, alpha-acid glycoprotein, corticosteroid-binding globulin

Front 10

3 routes of administration

Back 10

enteral, patenteral, topical

Front 11

bioequivalent

Back 11

two meds have the same bioavailability

Front 12

pharmacodynamic phase

Back 12

drug receptor interaction

Front 13

pharmacokinetics

Back 13

absorption, distribution,metabolism,excretion

Front 14

pharmaceutical phase

Back 14

disintegration of dosage form dissolution of drug

Front 15

pharmaceutics,pharmacokinectics,pharmacodynamics describe what

Back 15

the relationship between the dose of a drug give to a pt and the effectiveness of the drug in treating the pt's disease

Front 16

metabolites

Back 16

a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical metabolic reactions involving the parent drug.

Front 17

incompatibility

Back 17

reaction that occurs when two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together resulting in chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

Front 18

idiosyncratic reaction

Back 18

an abnormal and unexpected susceptibility to a medication other that an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual pt

Front 19

latrogenic hazard

Back 19

any potential or actual pt harm that is caused by errant actions of health care staff members

Front 20

cytochrome p-450

Back 20

general term for a wide variety of tissue enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism

Front 21

contraindication

Back 21

any condition including any current or recent drug therapy especially related to disease states or other pt characteristics that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

Front 22

duration of action

Back 22

the length of time that a drug concentration in the blood or tissues is suffecient to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 23

toxicology

Back 23

the study of poisions and unwanted responses to therapeutic agents

Front 24

latrogenic response

Back 24

unintentional adverse effects that are treatment induced

Front 25

therapeutic index

Back 25

the ratio between a drug's therapeutic benefit and it's toxic effects

Front 26

pharmacotherapeutics types of therapy

Back 26

acute,maintenance,supplemental,palliative,supportive,prophylactic,empiric

Front 27

3 mechanisms of action in pharmacodynamics

Back 27

receptor interactions,enzyme interactions,nonspecific interactions

Front 28

once a drug is at the site of action what does it do

Back 28

it can modify the rate at which the cells or tissues function

Front 29

drug effect

Back 29

the physiologic reaction of the body to the drug

Front 30

drug action

Back 30

the cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

Front 31

duration

Back 31

the time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 32

peak

Back 32

time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Front 33

onset

Back 33

time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 34

half life

Back 34

the time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

Front 35

stimulating drug metabolism causes

Back 35

diminished pharmocologic effects

Front 36

delayed drug metabolism results in

Back 36

accumulation of drugs prolonged action of the drug

Front 37

factors that increase metabolism

Back 37

fastacetylator,barbiturate,
rifampin therapy

Front 38

metabolism is the biologic transformation of a drug into

Back 38

an inactive metabolite,a more soluable compound, a more potent metabolite

Front 39

drug metabolism or biotransformation

Back 39

the biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite , a more soluable compound or a more potent metabolite

Front 40

areas of rapid distribution

Back 40

heart,liver,kidneys,brain

Front 41

drug distribution

Back 41

the transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

Front 42

topical routes

Back 42

skin,eyes,ears,nose,lungs,vagina

Front 43

parenteral routes

Back 43

intravenous,im,subq,id,intrathecal,intraarticular

Front 44

non first pass routes

Back 44

aural,buccal,inhalation,intraarterial,im,intranasal,intraocular,intravaginal,intravenous,subq,sublingual,transdermal

Front 45

first pass routes

Back 45

hepatic artery,oral,portal vein,rectal

Front 46

first pass effect

Back 46

the metabolism of a drug and its passage from the live into the circulation

Front 47

a drugs route of administration effects

Back 47

the rate and extent of absorption of that drug

Front 48

oral meds rely on - to break down drug for absorption

Back 48

gastric, intestinal enzymes and ph

Front 49

pharmacokinetics: absorption

Back 49

the rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration and the extent to which absorption occurs

Front 50

pharmacognosy

Back 50

study of natural drug sources

Front 51

pharmacotherapeutics

Back 51

the use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

Front 52

pharmacodynamics

Back 52

the study of what the drug does to the body

Front 53

4 phases of pharmacokinetics

Back 53

absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion

Front 54

pharmacokinetics

Back 54

the study of what the body does to drugs

Front 55

pharmaceutics

Back 55

the study of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities

Front 56

drug

Back 56

any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Front 57

nursing process

Back 57

assessment dx planning implmentation, evaluation

Front 58

trade name

Back 58

drug has a registered trademark

Front 59

chemical name

Back 59

describes a drug's chemical composition and molecular structure

Front 60

generic name

Back 60

name given to a drug also called nonproprietary name

Front 61

dissolution

Back 61

process of how solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract, become soluable and get absorbed into circulation

Front 62

bioavailability

Back 62

term used to quantify the extent of drug absorption

Front 63

antagonist

Back 63

drug binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body resulting in inhibitory or antagonistic drug effects

Front 64

antagonistic effect

Back 64

a drug interaction that results in combined drug effects that are less that those that could be achieved if either drug were given alone

Front 65

agonist

Back 65

drug that binds to and stumulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body resulting in stimulatory or agonstic drug effects

Front 66

ADE adverse drug event

Back 66

an injury caused by a medication or failure to administer an intended medication

Front 67

additive effect

Back 67

result of a drug interaction that occurs when two drugs with similar actions are given together. also called synergistic effect

Front 68

5 rights

Back 68

rigth drug, right dose, right time, right route, right pt

Front 69

drug order must contain 6 elements

Back 69

pt name, date order written, name of med, dosage, route of delivery, signature of prescriber

Front 70

drug polymorphism

Back 70

variation in response to drug because of a pt's age, gender, size and body compostion

Front 71

pc

Back 71

after meals

Front 72

ac

Back 72

before meals

Front 73

BRP

Back 73

bathroom privilages

Front 74

excretion of pediatric pt

Back 74

kidneys immature affects glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion decreased perfusion rate of the kidneys.

Front 75

metabolism in ped pt.

Back 75

liver immature

Front 76

category x

Back 76

fetal abnormalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from studies should not be used in pregnant women

Front 77

category D

Back 77

possible fetal risk in humans reported consider benefits VS risk may in some cases warrant use

Front 78

category C

Back 78

adverse effects reported on animal fetuses. info on humans not avaioable.

Front 79

category B

Back 79

studies indicate no risk to animal fetus info on humans unavailable

Front 80

category A

Back 80

studies indicate no risk to human fetus

Front 81

which stage of pregnancy is the greatest danger for drug induced development defects

Back 81

first trimester

Front 82

synergistic effect

Back 82

a drug interaction that results from combined drug effects that could have been achieved if the drugs where given alone

Front 83

substrate

Back 83

a substance on which an enzyme acts

Front 84

durham-humphrey amendment

Back 84

the act of 1951 differentiated between prescription and otc drugs also which drugs could be refilled without a prescription

Front 85

federal food and drug act

Back 85

first fed law that attempted to protect the public from danger 1906

Front 86

federal food, drug and cosmetic act

Back 86

1938 act required drug manufactures to apply for an IND exemption for a safety review before marketing new drugs

Front 87

harrison narcotic act

Back 87

1914 established the legal term narcotic

Front 88

sherley amendment

Back 88

1912 prohibited labeling of med with false therapeutic claims intending to defraud the purchaser

Front 89

kefauver-harris amendment

Back 89

1962 required drug to be proved safe and effective before being approved

Front 90

controlled substance act

Back 90

1970 promotes research on drug abuse prevention education treatment rehabilitation and enhancement of law enforcement

Front 91

orphaned drug act

Back 91

1983 aid in the development of drugs for treatment of rare diseases

Front 92

autonomy

Back 92

self determination and ability to act on one's own

Front 93

investigational new drug

Back 93

drug not approved by the FDA but available for use in experiments to determine its safety and effects

Front 94

2 types of ADR's - Adverse Drug Reaction

Back 94

allergic and idiosyncratic (unintended)

Front 95

nonmaleficence

Back 95

the duty to do no harm to a client

Front 96

justice

Back 96

being fair or equal in one's actions

Front 97

beneficence

Back 97

the doing or active promotion of good implications include how the patient is best served

Front 98

opioids produce

Back 98

analgesia, drowsiness, euphoria, tranquility, other mood alterations

Front 99

commonly abused substances

Back 99

opioids stimulants depressants alcohol nicotine

Front 100

drug used for withdrawl of opioid

Back 100

clondine, methadone

Front 101

amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate are what

Back 101

stimulants

Front 102

effects that lead to abuse of stimulants

Back 102

elevation of mood, reduction of fatigue, sense of incresed alertness, invigoration alertness

Front 103

benzodiazepine and barbiturates are

Back 103

depressants

Front 104

flumazenil ( romazicon)

Back 104

may be used to reverse the acute sedative effects of benzodiazepines

Front 105

3 ethanol withdrawl treatment drugs

Back 105

diazepam ( valium ), lopazepam ( ativan ), disulfiram ( antabuse ).

Front 106

legend drugs

Back 106

meds not legally available without a prescription

Front 107

opioid analgesic

Back 107

synthetic pain-relieving substance that originated from the opium plant.

Front 108

narcotic

Back 108

any agent that produces insensibility or stupor

Front 109

amphetamines

Back 109

drugs that stimulate the CNS

Front 110

how opioids work

Back 110

they block receptors in the cns blocking pain

Front 111

stimulants work by

Back 111

releasing biogenic amines form their storage sites in the nerve terminals main one is norepinephrine

Front 112

how do benzodiazepines and barbiturates work

Back 112

they increase the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid