Pharmacology Chapter 1,2,3

Front 1

synergistic effect

Back 1

a drug interaction that results from combined drug effects that are greater than those that could have been achieved if the drug were gived alone

Front 2

substrate

Back 2

a substance on which an eczyme acts

Front 3

steady state

Back 3

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Front 4

side effect

Back 4

any undesirable effect of a medication that is expected or anticipated to occur in a predictable percentage of pt who recieve a given med

Front 5

receptor

Back 5

a molecular structure within or on the outer surface of cells receptors are characterized by the binding of specific substances

Front 6

prodrug

Back 6

an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical chemical reactions once inside the body

Front 7

pharmacogenetics

Back 7

the study of genetic factors and their influence on drug response

Front 8

parent drug

Back 8

the chemical form of a drug that is administered to the body before it is metabolized by the bodys biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites

Front 9

3 primary protiens that bind to and carry drugs

Back 9

albumin, alpha-acid glycoprotein, corticosteroid-binding globulin

Front 10

3 routes of administration

Back 10

enteral, patenteral, topical

Front 11

bioequivalent

Back 11

two meds have the same bioavailability

Front 12

pharmacodynamic phase

Back 12

drug receptor interaction

Front 13

pharmacokinetics

Back 13

absorption, distribution,metabolism,excretion

Front 14

pharmaceutical phase

Back 14

disintegration of dosage form dissolution of drug

Front 15

pharmaceutics,pharmacokinectics,pharmacodynamics describe what

Back 15

the relationship between the dose of a drug give to a pt and the effectiveness of the drug in treating the pt's disease

Front 16

metabolites

Back 16

a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical metabolic reactions involving the parent drug.

Front 17

med use process

Back 17

the administration dispensing monitoring and prescribing of meds

Front 18

medication misadventure

Back 18

the broadest term for any undesirable medication related event in patient care that is usually iatrogenic in nature

Front 19

incompatibility

Back 19

reaction that occurs when two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together resulting in chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

Front 20

idiosyncratic reaction

Back 20

an abnormal and unexpected susceptibility to a medication other that an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual pt

Front 21

latrogenic hazard

Back 21

any potential or actual pt harm that is caused by errant actions of health care staff members

Front 22

cytochrome p-450

Back 22

general term for a wide variety of tissue enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism

Front 23

contraindication

Back 23

any condition including any current or recent drug therapy especially related to disease states or other pt characteristics that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

Front 24

duration of action

Back 24

the length of time that a drug concentration in the blood or tissues is suffecient to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 25

toxicology

Back 25

the study of poisions and unwanted responses to therapeutic agents

Front 26

latrogenic response

Back 26

unintentional adverse effects that are treatment induced

Front 27

therapeutic index

Back 27

the ratio between a drug's therapeutic benefit and it's toxic effects

Front 28

pharmacotherapeutics types of therapy

Back 28

acute,maintenance,supplemental,palliative,supportive,prophylactic,empiric

Front 29

3 mechanisms of action in pharmacodynamics

Back 29

receptor interactions,enzyme interactions,nonspecific interactions

Front 30

once a drug is at the site of action what does it do

Back 30

it can modify the rate at which the cells or tissues function

Front 31

drug effect

Back 31

the physiologic reaction of the body to the drug

Front 32

drug action

Back 32

the cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

Front 33

duration

Back 33

the time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 34

peak

Back 34

time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Front 35

onset

Back 35

time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 36

half life

Back 36

the time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

Front 37

stimulating drug metabolism causes

Back 37

diminished pharmocologic effects

Front 38

delayed drug metabolism results in

Back 38

accumulation of drugs prolonged action of the drug

Front 39

factors that increase metabolism

Back 39

fastacetylator,barbiturate,
rifampin therapy

Front 40

metabolism is the biologic transformation of a drug into

Back 40

an inactive metabolite,a more soluable compound, a more potent metabolite

Front 41

drug metabolism or biotransformation

Back 41

the biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite , a more soluable compound or a more potent metabolite

Front 42

areas of rapid distribution

Back 42

heart,liver,kidneys,brain

Front 43

drug distribution

Back 43

the transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

Front 44

topical routes

Back 44

skin,eyes,ears,nose,lungs,vagina

Front 45

parenteral routes

Back 45

intravenous,im,subq,id,intrathecal,intraarticular

Front 46

non first pass routes

Back 46

aural,buccal,inhalation,intraarterial,im,intranasal,intraocular,intravaginal,intravenous,subq,sublingual,transdermal

Front 47

first pass routes

Back 47

hepatic artery,oral,portal vein,rectal

Front 48

first pass effect

Back 48

the metabolism of a drug and its passage from the live into the circulation

Front 49

a drugs route of administration effects

Back 49

the rate and extent of absorption of that drug

Front 50

oral meds rely on - to break down drug for absorption

Back 50

gastric, intestinal enzymes and ph

Front 51

pharmacokinetics: absorption

Back 51

the rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration and the extent to which absorption occurs

Front 52

pharmacognosy

Back 52

study of natural drug sources

Front 53

pharmacotherapeutics

Back 53

the use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

Front 54

pharmacodynamics

Back 54

the study of what the drug does to the body

Front 55

4 phases of pharmacokinetics

Back 55

absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion

Front 56

pharmacokinetics

Back 56

the study of what the body does to drugs

Front 57

pharmaceutics

Back 57

the study of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities

Front 58

drug

Back 58

any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Front 59

nursing process

Back 59

assessment dx planning implmentation, evaluation

Front 60

trade name

Back 60

drug has a registered trademark

Front 61

chemical name

Back 61

describes a drug's chemical composition and molecular structure

Front 62

generic name

Back 62

name given to a drug also called nonproprietary name

Front 63

dissolution

Back 63

process of how solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract, become soluable and get absorbed into circulation

Front 64

bioavailability

Back 64

term used to quantify the extent of drug absorption

Front 65

antagonist

Back 65

drug binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body resulting in inhibitory or antagonistic drug effects

Front 66

antagonistic effect

Back 66

a drug interaction that results in combined drug effects that are less that those that could be achieved if either drug were given alone

Front 67

agonist

Back 67

drug that binds to and stumulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body resulting in stimulatory or agonstic drug effects

Front 68

ADE adverse drug event

Back 68

an injury caused by a medication or failure to administer an intended medication

Front 69

additive effect

Back 69

result of a drug interaction that occurs when two drugs with similar actions are given together. also called synergistic effect

Front 70

med error

Back 70

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or pt harm while the med is in the control of the health care professional pt or consumer

Front 71

5 rights

Back 71

rigth drug, right dose, right time, right route, right pt

Front 72

drug order must contain 6 elements

Back 72

pt name, date order written, name of med, dosage, route of delivery, signature of prescriber

Front 73

drug polymorphism

Back 73

variation in response to drug because of a pt's age, gender, size and body compostion

Front 74

infusion time

Back 74

total ml divided by ml/hr =infusion time then mulitply decimal by 60 to get minutes.

Front 75

1 pt

Back 75

500 ml

Front 76

1 tsp

Back 76

5 ml or zi

Front 77

30ml

Back 77

2 T

Front 78

2 T

Back 78

30 ml

Front 79

gri

Back 79

60/65 mg

Front 80

gr xv

Back 80

1g

Front 81

Hgb

Back 81

hemoglobin

Front 82

HCT

Back 82

hematocrit

Front 83

BUN

Back 83

blood, urea, nitrogen

Front 84

BE

Back 84

barium enema

Front 85

T & C

Back 85

type and crossmatch

Front 86

N/C

Back 86

nasal cannula

Front 87

tid

Back 87

3 times a day

Front 88

bid

Back 88

2 times a day

Front 89

qid

Back 89

four times a day

Front 90

pc

Back 90

after meals

Front 91

ac

Back 91

before meals

Front 92

BRP

Back 92

bathroom privilages

Front 93

excretion of ped pt

Back 93

kidneys immature affects glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion decreased perfusion rate of the kidneys.

Front 94

metabolism in ped pt.

Back 94

liver immature

Front 95

distribution in ped pt.

Back 95

greater TBW means fat is decreased so decreased level of protein binding immature blood-brain barrier

Front 96

drug

Back 96

an chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Front 97

considerations in absorption in ped pt.

Back 97

ph less acidic gastric emptying slow topical absorption faster IM faster and irregular

Front 98

category x

Back 98

fetal abnormalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from studies should not be used in pregnant women

Front 99

category D

Back 99

possible fetal risk in humans reported consider benefits VS risk may in some cases warrant use

Front 100

category C

Back 100

adverse effects reported on animal fetuses. info on humans not avaioable.

Front 101

category B

Back 101

studies indicate no risk to animal fetus info on humans unavailable

Front 102

category A

Back 102

studies indicate no risk to human fetus

Front 103

which stage of pregnancy is the greatest danger for drug induced development defects

Back 103

first trimester

Front 104

synergistic effect

Back 104

a drug interaction that results from combined drug effects that could have been achieved if the drugs where given alone

Front 105

substrate

Back 105

a substance on which an enzyme acts

Front 106

steady state

Back 106

a physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Front 107

expediteted drug approval

Back 107

a hastening the usual IND approval process in response to public health threat

Front 108

durham-humphrey amendment

Back 108

the act of 1951 differentiated between prescription and otc drugs also which drugs could be refilled without a prescription

Front 109

federal food and drug act

Back 109

first fed law that attempted to protect the public from danger 1906

Front 110

federal food, drug and cosmetic act

Back 110

1938 act required drug manufactures to apply for an IND exemption for a safety review before marketing new drugs

Front 111

harrison narcotic act

Back 111

1914 established the legal term narcotic

Front 112

sherley amendment

Back 112

1912 prohibited labeling of med with false therapeutic claims intending to defraud the purchaser

Front 113

kefauver-harris amendment

Back 113

1962 required drug to be proved safe and effective before being approved

Front 114

controlled substance act

Back 114

1970 promotes research on drug abuse prevention education treatment rehabilitation and enhancement of law enforcement

Front 115

orphaned drug act

Back 115

1983 aid in the development of drugs for treatment of rare diseases

Front 116

autonomy

Back 116

self determination and ability to act on one's own

Front 117

investigational new drug

Back 117

drug not approved by the FDA but available for use in experiments to determine its safety and effects

Front 118

2 types of ADR's

Back 118

allergic and idiosyncratic

Front 119

veracity

Back 119

duty to tell the truth

Front 120

nonmaleficence

Back 120

the duty to do no harm to a client

Front 121

justice

Back 121

being fair or equal in one's actions

Front 122

confidentiality

Back 122

duty to respect privileged information about a pt. implications include not talking about a pt in public or outside the context of the health care setting

Front 123

beneficence

Back 123

the doing or active promotion of good implications include how the patient is best served

Front 124

use of otc's may

Back 124

delay effective treatment of more chronic disease states, delay treatment of serious life threating disorders, may relieve symptoms of a disorder but not the cause

Front 125

stages of development

Back 125

infant 0-1yr, toddler 1-3yr, preschooler 3-6yr, school age 6-12yr, adolescent 12-18yr, young adult 18-45yr, middle aged 45-65yr, older adult 65 and up

Front 126

opioid drug withdrawl

Back 126

peak period 1-3 days /duration 5-7days

Front 127

opioids produce

Back 127

analgesia, drowsiness, euphoria, tranquility, other mood alterations

Front 128

commonly abused substances

Back 128

opioids stimulants depressants alcohol nicotine

Front 129

drug used for withdrawl of opioid

Back 129

clondine, methadone

Front 130

amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate are what

Back 130

stimulants

Front 131

effects that lead to abuse of stimulants

Back 131

elevation of mood, reduction of fatigue, sense of incresed alertness, invigoration alertness

Front 132

methylenedioxyamphetamine

Back 132

love drug

Front 133

methylendioxymethamphetamine

Back 133

ecstasy

Front 134

stimulant withdrawl

Back 134

peak 1-3 days
duration 5*7days

Front 135

signs of stimulant withdrawl

Back 135

social withdrawl, psycomotor retardation, hypersomnia, hyperphagia

Front 136

signs of symtoms withdrawl from stimulants

Back 136

depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, paranoid delusions

Front 137

depressants

Back 137

drugs that relieve anxiety, irrability,tension

Front 138

opioid signs of withdrawl

Back 138

drug seeking, mydriasis, diaphoresis, rhinoorrhea, lacrimation diarrhea bp and pulse up

Front 139

benzodiazepine and barbiturates are

Back 139

depressants

Front 140

flunitrazepam (rohypol)

Back 140

roofies date rape drug used to enhance a herion high or to ease the coming down from a cocaine high

Front 141

depressant withdrawl

Back 141

peak period short acting agent 2-4 days.long acting agent 4-7 days

Front 142

alcohol (ethanol)

Back 142

CNS depression

Front 143

flumazenil ( romazicon)

Back 143

may be used to reverse the acute sedative effects of benzodiazepines

Front 144

3 ethano withdrawl treatment durgs

Back 144

diazepam ( valium ), lopazepam ( ativan ), disulfiram ( antabuse ).

Front 145

releases epinephrine that creates physiologic stress rather that relaxation

Back 145

nicotin

Front 146

drug aids in cessation of smoking

Back 146

bupropion ( zyban)

Front 147

commission E monographs

Back 147

comprehensive published herbal recommendations from the german equibalent of the us fda

Front 148

legend drugs

Back 148

meds not legally available without a prescription

Front 149

phytochemical

Back 149

the pharmacologically active ingredient in an herbal remedy

Front 150

dietary supplement and health education act

Back 150

1994 defines dietary supplements and provide the regulatory framwork for their sale.

Front 151

opioid analgesic

Back 151

synthetic pain-relieving substance that originated from the opium plant.

Front 152

narcotic

Back 152

any agent that produces insensibility or stupor

Front 153

roofies

Back 153

pills that are classified as benzodiazepines

Front 154

amphetamines

Back 154

drugs that stimulate the CNS

Front 155

how opioids work

Back 155

they block receptors in the cns blocking pain

Front 156

stimulants work by

Back 156

releasing biogenic amines form their storage sites in the nerve terminals main one is norepinephrine

Front 157

how do benzodiazepines and barbiturates work

Back 157

they increase the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid

Front 158

drug order must contain 6 elements

Back 158

pt name, date order written , name of med, dosage size frequency and doses, route of delivery, signature of prescriber