Pharmacology Chapter 11 - Antihypertensive Drugs

Front 1

Methyldopa

Back 1

Stimulates central α2 adrenoreceptors, reduces peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output or both

Hint 1

Meythdopa is a prodrug; major compensatory response is salt retention; causes sedation, may cause positive coomb's test (RBC accumulation)

Front 2

Clonidine

Back 2

Stimulation of α2 adrenoreceptors, partial agonist; sensitizes brainstem vasomotor centers

Hint 2

Sudden removal causes rebound hypertension; this can be controlled by α blockers or reinstitution of therapy; causes sedation

Front 3

Hexamethonium, trimethaphan

Back 3

MOA: nicotinic ganglion blocking drug;

Hint 3

SE: parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade

Front 4

Reserpine

Back 4

Depletes the adrenergic nerve terminal of its epinephrine stores; Compensatory Response (CR): salt and water retention

Hint 4

SE: Behavioral depression

Front 5

Guanethidine

Back 5

Depletes and blocks release of epinephrine stores; CR: salt and water retention

Hint 5

Withdrawn from US; SE: hypotension and sexual dysfunction

Front 6

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Back 6

Cause formation of a false neurotransmitter (octopamine) in sympathetic postganglionic neuron terminals; this competes with epi

Hint 6

Large amounts of tyramine cause release of large amounts of norepinephrine; normally tyramine is inhibited by MAO

Front 7

Prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin

Back 7

α1 selective adrenoreceptor blocker

Reduce vascular resistance and venous return

Relax smooth muscle in the prostate

Hint 7

Cause orthostatic hypotension

α- non selective blockers are not useful as they cause reflex tachycardia

Front 8

Propranolol (prototype); atenolol, metoprolol, cavedilol

Back 8

Beta adrenoreceptor blockers (atenolol B1). Initially reduce cardiac output; later decrease vascular resistance. Reduce renin from the kidney

Hint 8

Slightly elevated glucose, LDL and triglycerides

Front 9

Hydralazine

Back 9

Vasodilator; more affect on arterioles; releases NO from cells

Hint 9

Causes lupus (!) and salt and water retention

Front 10

Minoxidil

Back 10

Vasodilator; opens K channels and hyperpolarizes and relaxes smooth muscle

Hint 10

Excessive hypotension, severe compensatory responses

Front 11

Nidedipine, verapamil, diltiazem

Back 11

Vasodilators; calcium channel blocker

Verapamil, dilitazem also reduce cardiac output

Hint 11

Few compensatory responses

Front 12

Nitroprusside

Back 12

Used in emergencies; release of NO from the drug itself; causes increased guanylyl cyclase which increases cGMP

Hint 12

Hypotension, excessive tachycardia, cyanide if left too long in blood

Front 13

Diazoxide

Back 13

Opens potassium channels which hyperpolarizes and relaxes smooth muscle

Also reduces insulin release

Hint 13

Hypotension, hyperglycemia, salt and water retention

Front 14

Fenoldopam

Back 14

Dopamine D1 receptor activation causes vasodilation

Front 15

Captopril

Back 15

ACE inhibitor, causes a reduction in blood levels of angiotensin 2

Hint 15

Renal damage in patients with kidney disease

Front 16

Losartan

Back 16

Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker at AT1 site

Hint 16

Potassium retention

Front 17

Aliskiren

Back 17

Inhibits renin's action on angiotensin.