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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic system responsible for, and how do you remember which is which?
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sympathathic = fight or flight (when you're attacked by a bear, people will be sympathetic)
Parasympathetic = rest and digest (Parents want kids to rest and digest before playing) |
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what are the synomyms used for the Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system How do you remember which is which? |
Sympathetic = adrenergic (when you are running from a bear, you need "adren-aline"
Parasympathetic = cholinergic (when you are resting, you can get "chol-d" |
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what is the neurotransmitter in all preganglionic neurons?
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
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in the parasympathetic nervous system, what is the neurotransmitter that the post ganglionic neuron secretes to affect various organs?
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Ach
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in the sympathetic/adrenergic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is secreted by post ganglionic neurons to affect various organs?
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Norepinephrine (NE)
ACh |
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In the sympathetic/adrenergic nervous system, _______ stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete ________
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Epinephrine (Epi)
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In the somatic motor system, which neurotransmitter is secreted to affect skeletal muscle?
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ACh
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what are the three fates of neurotransmitters that have been released into the synaptic cleft?
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1. transmitter binds to the receptor
2. transmitter is degraded by an enzyme present in the synapse 3. reuptake of transmitter |
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what is responsible for degradation of ACh
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Acetylcholinesterase
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In the sympathetic/adrenergic ns, what is responsible for NE degradation?
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the enzyme COMT
Catechol-O-methyl-transferase |
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If we inhibit COMT, what is the net effect?
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post synaptic NE stimulation is increased
b/c if COMT is inhibited, it is no longer degrading NE, so there is more NE in the synapse to have a longer or increased effect |
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If we inhibit acetylcholinesterase, what is the net effect?
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post synaptic stimulation from ACh is increased b/c we are inhibiting the enzyme that degrades ACh, so that degradation doesn't happen and there is more ACh left in the synapse for increased effect.
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what are SSRI's
explain |
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
if someone is deficient in serotonin, causing depression, use SSRI to let serotonin sit in the synaptic cleft for longer instead of reuptake. i.e. Prozac |
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what is the other term for an adrenergic agonist, what does it do?
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sympathomimetic = adrenergic agonist
stimulates the sympathetic n.s. |
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what is the other term for an adrenergic antagonist, what does it do?
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sypatholytic
inhibits the sympathetic n.s. |
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what is the other term for an cholinergic agonist, what does it do?
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parasympathomimetic
stimulates the parasympathetic n.s. |
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what is the other term for an cholinergic agonist, what does it do?
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inhibits the parasympathetic n.s.
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saltatory conduction
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the conduction of the action potential down a myelinated axon, in which the action potential jumps along the nodes of Ranvier, which dramatically speeds up the conduction of the impulse.
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what are the three key organs that are protected by diversion of the blood from peripheral circulation to the central circulation during the fight or flight (sympathetic/adrenergic) response?
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brain, heart, and kidneys
"cold with fear" |
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Under sympathetic/adrenergic control, what happens to the
1.heart rate 2. blood pressure 3.pupils 4. bronchioles 5. cutaneous blood vessels |
1. increases
2. increases 3. dilation to promote visual acuity and to increase the distance vision (see where you're running to) 4. bronchodilation to improve oxygenation 5. vasoconstriction OR vasodilation to regulate body temperature 4. bronchioles |
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Under Parasympathetic stimulation,
1. Pupils _________ 2. Salivary glands _________ 3. Tears _________ 4. heart rate __________and contractility _________ 5. coronary arteries _________ 6. trachea and bronchioles _________ and _________ 7.GI glands _________ 8. lower colon _________ 9. GI motility _________ 10. ureters and bladder _________ 11. penile erection _________ |
1 contract
2 flow 3 secrete saliva 4 slows, decreases 5 constrict 6 constrict, secretions increase 7 produce more secretions 8 contracts 9 increases 10 contract 11 stimulated |
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Under sympathetic/adrenergic stimulation,
1. Pupils _________ 2. Salivary glands _________ 3. Tears _________ 4. heart rate __________and contractility _________ 5. coronary arteries _________ 6. trachea and bronchioles _________ and _________ 7.sweat _________ 8. blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes _________ 9. GI motility _________, spincters __________ 10. ureters and bladder _________ 11. penile ejaculation_________ |
1. dilate
2. secrete thick viscous fluid 3. 4. rises, increases 5. dilate 6. dilate 7. produced 8. constrict 9 (and tone) decrease, relax 10.relax 11. stimulated |
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where did the expression "wide eyed with fear" come from?
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b/c when we are afraid, we are under sympathetic control, which has the effect of dilating the pupils to promote visual acuity and to increase the distance vision
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where did the expression "cold with fear" come from?
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b/c under the sympathetic n.s., when we are afraid, blood vessels in the skin constrict and blood from the peripheral circulation is diverted to the central circulation to protect the brain, heart, and kidneys
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a general description of parasympathetic ns
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More concerned with “housekeeping chores”
such as digestion of foodand excretion of bodily wastes |
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how does the sympathetic nervous system prepare for an instant increase in muscular activity?
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mobilization of glucose from glycogen stores to supply the skeletal muscles with sugar
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Parasympathetic stimulation results in:
heart rate ________ GI secretions __________ stimulus to _________ the bladder and bowel _______ of the pupils focus the lens on _______ Brocho_________ |
decreased
increased empty constriction focus lens on near vision constriction |
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for the most part, organs are ________ and oppositionally ___________
which implies _______ |
dually
innervated influence from both divisions, symp and para |
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male erection and ejaculation is an example of
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complementary control: sympathetic
and parasympathetic systems to work together, and, in order! |
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thevaso constriction and vasodilation of the vasculature is an example of _____________ control
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exclusive
they are controlled exclusively by the sympathetic branch |
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how to remember which system is responsible for erection and ejaculation
If we block the sympathetic n.s. with a beta blocker, what is the result? |
Point - Parasympathetic
Shoot - Sympathetic No ejaculation |
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what are the two cholinergic receptors and what do they do?
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Nicotonic Receptors
• Nm** the important one! – Contraction of skeletal muscle by opening the Na+ channel, producing membrane depolarization • Nn – Stim of all ganglion of symp and para junctions – Promotes release of epi from adrenal medulla |
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what is the location of nicotinicN cholinergic receptors and what happens in response to stimulation of nicotinicN?
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located on all autonomic nervous system ganglia,
Response to Stimulation: stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic post ganglionic transmission. |
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where are the nicotinicM cholinergic receptors and what is the response to their stimulation
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neuromuscular junction
contraction of skeletal muscle |
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where are the cholinergic muscarinic receptors and what are the responses to stimulation?
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they are in the eye, heart, lung, blood vessels, GU system, GI tract
Responses: all the classic responses that you see in parasympathetic pathways: |
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alpha and beta receptors are found in the _____________nervous system
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sympathetic system
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what are the five steps in synaptic transmission?
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1. transmitter synthesis
2. transmitter storage 3. transmitter release 4. receptor binding 5. termination of transmission |
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what are the two effects that drugs can have on receptor function?
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enhance or reduce receptor activation
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a drug whose effects mimic the effects of a natural transmitter would be said to _______ receptor activation
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increase
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a drug whose effects were equivalent to reducing the amount of natural nt available for receptor binding would be said to _________ receptor activation
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decrease
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drugs that directly activate receptors are called ________
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agonists
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drugs that prevent receptor activation are called _______
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antagonists
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drugs that block nt reuptake and drugs that inhibit nt degradation both do what?
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increase receptor activation
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what are the three things that you should know about a drug to accurately predict its effects?
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1. identify the receptors at which the drug acts
2. what those receptors' normal responses to activation are 3. whether the drug increases or decreases receptor activation |
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what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
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central nervous system
peripheral nervous system |
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what are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
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the somatic motor system
the autonomic nervous system |
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what are the three principal functions of the autonomic nervious system?
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1. regulation of the heart
2. regulation of secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, and bronchial) 3. regulation of smooth muscles (bronchi, blood vessels, urogenital and G.I.) |
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what are the three main functions of the sympathetic ns
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regulating the cardiovascular system
regulating body temperature implementing the fight or flight reaction |
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Blood vessels are innervated by which division of the autonomic ns?
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exclusively by the sympathetic ns
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the heart is innervated by which division of the autonomic ns? what are the effects of stimulation
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the heart receives dual innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The control is oppositional though, sympthatic stim increases heart rate, while parasym stim slows heart rate
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the male reproduction system is innervated by which division of the autonomic ns?
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both divisions and the control is complementary
parasympthatic = erection sympathetic = ejaculations |
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all preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympthetic nervous sytems release what nt(s)
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ACh
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which nt is released by all postganlioic neurons of the parasympathetic NS?
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ACh
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what are the five steps in synaptic transmission?
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1. transmitter synthesis
2. transmitter storage 3. transmitter release 4. receptor binding 5. termination of transmission |
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all postganglionic neurons of the _______________ NS release ACH as their nt
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parasympathetic
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most postganglionic neurons of the ______________ NS release norepiniphrine as their nt
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sympathetic
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postganlionic neurons of the _________ NS that innervate sweat glands release _____ as their nt
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sympathetic
ACh |
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Epiniphrine is released by the __________ in which NS?
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adrenal medulls
sympathetic |
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all motor neurons to skeletal muscles release _______ as their nt
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ACh
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what are the three major subtypes of cholinergic/parasympathetic receptors?
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nicotinicN
nicotinicM muscarinic |
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what are the four major subtype of adrenergic/sympathetic receptors?
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alpha1
alpha2 beta1 beta2 |
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what is the other type of adrenergic receptor?
what does it respond to, where? |
dopamine
responds only to dopamine, a nt found primarily in the CNS |
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what is a receptor subtype?
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receptors that respond to the same nt but nonetheless are different from eachother in their responses to drugs
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what type of receptor subtype in on the cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons, including in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS's?
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NicotinicN
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what type of receptor subtype is on the adrenal medulla in which of the two autonomal NS?
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NicotinicN
in sympathetic NS |
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In the parasympathetic NS, what type of subtype receptors are on the various organs that are affected?
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muscarinic
(parents say eat your mushrooms) |
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in the sympathetic NS, what type of receptor subtype are on the sweat glands?
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muscarinic
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ACh is always received by what type of subtype receptor in its targets, regardles off whether its in the symp or parasymp NS
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Muscarinic
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what subtype receptor is present on the various organs in the sympathetic NS that respond to NE?
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alpha or beta
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what subtype receptor is present on the various organs in the sympathetic NS that respond to Epi?
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alpha or beta
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what subtype receptor is on skeletal muscle and responds to ACh in the somatic motor system?
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NicotinicM
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nictotinicN receptors are located where?
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on the bodies of all postganglionic cells (ganglia) in both parasymp and symp NS plus on the adrenal medulla
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what response to nicotinicN receptors have to activation?
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stimulation of all postganglionic nerves and causes release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
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where are nicotinicM receptors located?
what is the response to receptor activation? |
on skeletal muscles at the neuromuscular junction
skeletal muscle contraction |
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what are the receptor subtypes in the cholinergic ns?
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NicotinicN
Muscarining |
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what are the receptor subtypes in the somatic ns?
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nicotinicM
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what are the receptor subtypes in the adrenergic ns
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alpha1
alpha2 beta1 beta2 dopamine |
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what organs do alpha1 receptors affect?
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PEBBS
Prostate Eyes (contraction of radial musc., mydriasis) Bladder (contraction of trigone/sphicter) Blood vessels (constriction in skin/viscera Sex organs (Ejaculation) |
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what is the reflex that helps regulate the blood pressure?
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Baroreceptor Reflex: baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch monitor changes in BP and send this info to the brain. In response to alterations in BP, the brain sends impulses along nerves of the autonomic NS, instructing the heart and blood vessels to behave in such a way as to restore BP to normalcy.
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When BP falls, what does the Baroreceptor reflex cause?
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vasoconstruction and elevation of cardiac output to bring BP back up
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When BP rises, what does the baroreceptor reflex cause?
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vasodilation and a reduction in cardiac output
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describe the methods of termination of ACh
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upon dissociating from its receptors, ACh is destroyed almost instantaneously by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme present in abundance on the surface of the postjunctional cell. ACh is degraded into two inactive products: acetate and choline. Uptake of choline into the cholinergic nerve terminal completes the life of ACh.
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describe what type of receptors NE may interact with after release into the synaptic cleft.
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after release, NE can interact with postsynaptic Alpha1 and beta receptors, or with preseynaptic alpha2 receptors.
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describe the methods of termination of NE
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transmission is terminated by reuptake of NE back into the presynaptic nerve terminal. Following reuptake, NE can be stored in vescicles for reuse or NE can be inactivated by monoamine oxidase (MAO) an enzyme found in the nerve terminal.
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describe methods of termination for epinephrine
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following release from adrenal medulla, epi travels via bloodstream to target organs throughout body. Termination of epi is primarily by hepatic metabolism, not by uptake into nerves.
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anything that inhibits AChase is the equivalent of a ___________
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cholinergic agonist
because you are inhibiting that which breaks down ACh, so more ACh to have an effect on receptors |
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damage to what cranial nerve causes mydriases?
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CN III (blown pupil)
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what is the cholinomimetics/pareasympathomimetic drug you have to know?
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Bethanechol(Urecholine)
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what are cholinomimetic/parasympathomimetics used for
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restore muscle tone in mysthenia gravis pts
Treatment of glaucoma - by causing pupillary construction cause stimulation of the bladder and GI tract |
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what is the common use of Bethanechol and why?
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Surgical anesthesia causes urinary retention and abdominal distension
• Giving this drug will stimulate the detrusor muscle of the bladder to contract, promoting urination and will stim GI peristalsis… but never for mechanical obstruction of either site |
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how does atropine act and what are some effects you'd expect to see?
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competitive blockade at muscarinic receptors
opposite effect of muscarinic activation: increase HR, decreases secretion from exocrine glands relaxes smooth muscle in the GI, bronchi relaxation of bladder detrusor, decrease motility of GI tract |
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why does Atropine have no effect on on vascular smooth muscle tone?
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b/c there is no parasympathetic innervation to muscarinic receptors in blood vessels
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what are the important uses of muscarinic antagonists?
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Pre-anesthetic med before procedures that stimulate baroreceptors o fthe carotid body can initiate reflex slowing of the heart. since this reflex is mediated by muscarinic receptors on the heart, pretreatment with atropine can prevent dangerous bradycardia
disorders of the eye - blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye can cause mydriasis and paralysis of the ciliary muscle during exams and ocular surgery bradycardia - atropine can accelerate HR b/c blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors prevents the parasympathetic NS from slowing the heart. Intestinal hypertonicity/motilitly = blocking muscarinic receptors in the intestin/atropine decreases tone and motility of intestinal smooth muscle muscarinic agonist poisoning - i.e. mushroom |
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what kind of drugs should be used with caution with muscarinic agonists?
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beta blockers - b/c beta blockers reduce heart rate, force and av conduction
muscarinic agonist also reduce decrease the rate of the heart Bradycardia |
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what are the symptoms of and what is the best antidote to muscarinic antagonist poisoning?
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dry mouth, blurred vision, hyperthermia, CNS effects, respiratory depression
Physostigmine - b/c it is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, by in hibiting the breakdown of ACh, physostigmine causes acetylcholine to accumulate at all cholinergic junctions, competing with antimuscarinic poison for binding, thereby reversing excessive muscarinic blockade. |
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alpha 1 stim results in:
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pupillary dilation
vasoconstriction of arterioloes and veins to affect blood pressure contraction of the smooth muscles in the sphincters (stomach, intestine, bladder) Nasal congestion |
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alpha 2 stim results in:
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Constriction of the arterioles and veins to increase
blood pressure (putative) – Inhibition of release of NE |
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beta 1 stim results in
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+ inotropy (+force), chronotropy (+HR), dromotropy (+electrical conductivity)
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what are the anticholinergig side effects (cholinergic antagonist/parasympoathollytics)
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no see
no pee no spit no shit tachype |
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beta 2 stim causes
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bronchodilation
relaxation of uterine cxn increase glycogenolysis |
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what are the important uses of muscarinic antagonists?
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Pre-anesthetic med before procedures that stimulate baroreceptors o fthe carotid body can initiate reflex slowing of the heart. since this reflex is mediated by muscarinic receptors on the heart, pretreatment with atropine can prevent dangerous bradycardia
disorders of the eye - blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye can cause mydriasis and paralysis of the ciliary muscle during exams and ocular surgery bradycardia - atropine can accelerate HR b/c blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors prevents the parasympathetic NS from slowing the heart. Intestinal hypertonicity/motilitly = blocking muscarinic receptors in the intestin/atropine decreases tone and motility of intestinal smooth muscle muscarinic agonist poisoning - i.e. mushroom |
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what are epiniphrine and norepiniphrine?
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adrenergic agonists
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what are the four mechanisms of action of adrenergic receptor activation (agonists)/sympathomimetic drugs
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direct receptor binding - mimics natural nt actions
promotion of NE release inhibition of NE reuptake (cocaine) inhibition of NE inactivation (inhibit monoamine oxidase from degrading NE) |
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what would malathion poisoning do (a muscarinic agonist by cholinesterase inhibition)
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cholinergic crisis, excessive muscarinic stimulation and epolarizing neuromuscular blockade: profuse saliva and bronchila gland secrections, invol pee and poop, laryngosmasm/bronchorestriction, paralysis, death from apnea
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what is the best treatment for malathion (muscarinic agonist) poisoning
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atropine - because it blocks ACh, reducing muscarinic stim.
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what are the two major chemical classes of adrenergic agonist?
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catecholamines
noncatecholamines |
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what are the three main differences between catecholamines and noncatecholamines?
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oral usability
duration of action ability to act in the CNS |
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because of their chemistry structure, all catecholamines have what three properties in common?
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1. they cannot be used orally
2. they have a brief duration of action 3. they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (no good in CNS) |
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what are the chatcholamines that you need to know?
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Norepinephrine
Epinephrine |
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catacholamines, including ______, must not be administered in what way, why
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NE, Epi, and dopamine
PO because MAO and COMT are located in the liver and intestinal wall, so they inactivate catecholamines before they can reach systemic circulation. |
