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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asthma signs and symptoms include which of the following?
a. Wheezing b. Coughing c. Tachypnea d. Dyspnea e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
e. All of the above are correct
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Which of the following is/are true?
a. Metaproterenol and Salmeterol can both be used in acute asthma b. Ipratropium has been recently shown to increase the risk of stroke and MI c. Albuterol side effects include bradycardia and tremors d. Cromolyn sodium rapidly stabilizes mast cells even after exposure to allergens has occurred e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
b. Ipratropium has been recently shown to increase the risk of stroke and MI
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Theophylline
a. Inhibits phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP which relaxes smooth muscle b. Adverse effects include increased gastric acid production c. Plasma levels must be monitored d. May cause arrhythmias at levels above the therapeutic range e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
e. All of the above are correct
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Which of the following is /are correct?
a. Omalizumab – potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase b. Zileutin – may produce secondary malignancies c. Montelukast – Humanized antibody which binds circulating IgE d. Zarfirlukast – is useful in aspirin induced asthma e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
d. Zarfirlukast – is useful in aspirin induced asthma
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Which of the following is/are true?
1. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney 2. Between 150-180 liters of fluid are filtered through Bowman’s capsule every 24 hours 3. The proximal tubule is the major site of sodium reabsorption 4. The descending Loop of Henle is permeable to sodium A = 1,2,3 B = 1,3 C = 2,4 D = 4 only E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
A = 1,2,3
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Loop diuretics
a. Inhibit the Na/K/2Cl transporter in the thick ascending Loop of Henle b. Decrease medullary hypertonicity c. Increase plasma uric acid levels d. May impair insulin secretion e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
e. All of the above are correct
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Furosemide
a. Increases potassium excretion in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts b Potentiates aminoglycoside ototoxicity c. May cause metabolic alkalosis due to increased bicarbonate reabsorption d. May induce cardiac arrhythmias e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
e. All of the above are correct
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Which of the following is/are true?
a. Loop diuretics compete with weak organic acids for transport into the lumen b. Aspirin can limit the diuretic effects of Thiazide but not Loop diuretics c. Thiazide like diuretics are effective at low creatinine clearances. d. Loop diuretics are effective in treatment of Kidney stones e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
a. Loop diuretics compete with weak organic acids for transport into the lumen
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Which of the following is/are true about Thiazide-like diuretics?
a. Indapamide causes less hypokalemia and less hyperglycemia than other thiazide like agents. b. Chlorthalidone increases calcium excretion into the lumen c, Chlorothiazide may cause metabolic acidosis d. Metolazone is only effective with creatinine clearance levels of > 30-40 ml minute. e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
a. Indapamide causes less hypokalemia and less hyperglycemia than other thiazide like agents.
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Which of the following statements is/are correct about the effects of Thiazide-like agents on blood pressure?
a. They decrease blood pressure by a chronic decrease in cardiac output b. They cause acute increases in TPR c. The hypotensive effect is due to a chronic decrease in plasma volume d. They increase the diameter of the lumen of blood vessels by decreasing sodium and “waterlogging” in arteriolar walls e. All of the above are correct f. B and D are correct |
f. B and D are correct
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The adverse effects of Thiazide-like diuretics includes:
a. Hyperlipidemia due to direct action to decrease HDL levels b. Sexual dysfunction c. Kidney stones d. Megaloblastic anemia e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correc |
b. Sexual dysfunction
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29) Which of the following diuretics would increase hydrogen ion secretion in the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts
1. Bumetanide 2. Amiloride 3. Hydrochlorothiazide 4. Eplerenone A = 1,2,3 B = 1,3 C = 2,4 D = 4 only E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
B = 1,3
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Potassium sparing diuretics
a. Inhibit the sodium transporter in the collecting ducts b. Increase the number of water channels in the luminal membrane c. May cause hyperkalemia especially when used with ACEI and ARB’s d. Increase activity of Na K ATPase e. A and C are correct f. B and D are correct |
e. A and C are correct
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Aldosterone antagonists
a. Decrease the number of water channels in the luminal membrane b. Significantly increase serum lipids c. May cause hyperkalemia and acidosis d. Are equal to Thiazides with respect to the increase in urine production e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
c. May cause hyperkalemia and acidosis
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
a. Decrease HCO3 reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule by 80-90% b. Acetazolamide is useful in mountain sickness because it significantly increases fluid loss through the kidneys c. May cause metabolic alkalosis d. Should be avoided in patients with acute cerebral swelling e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
a. Decrease HCO3 reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule by 80-90%
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Osmotic diuretics
a. Inhibit water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule b. Are rapidly filtered but not reabsorbed from the tubule c. Are useful in cerebral edema d. The major effect is to increase water loss with only minor effects on sodium and potassium e. All of the above are correct f. None of the above are correct |
e. All of the above are correct
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Asthma signs and symptoms include:
1) Wheezing 2) Coughing 3) Tachypnea 4) Dyspnea A = 1,2 3 are correct B = 1 and 3 are correct C = 2 and 4 are correct D = 4 only is correct E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
E = All of the above are correct
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Which of the following is/are true?
a) Albuterol and Formoterol can be used interchangeably in acute asthma b) Ipratropium rapidly relaxes bronchial smooth muscle in the absence of cholinergic stimulation c) Theophylline acts as an adenosine antagonist d) Cromolyn sodium rapidly stabilizes mast cells after exposure to the allergen in acute allergic reactions e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Theophylline acts as an adenosine antagonist
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Which of the following is./are true?
a) Aspirin directly increases the activity of the 5-Lipoxygenase enzyme b) Montelukast inhibits 5-Lipoxygenase c) Zileuton blocks the LTD4 receptor d) Omalizumab itself may cause allergic reactions e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
d) Omalizumab itself may cause allergic reactions
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Which of the following is/are true about the kidney?
a) The nephron is found exclusively in the medulla of the kidney b) Filtration occurs in Bowman’s capsule and requires specific active transport molecules c) In normal individuals, 100% of filtered glucose and ~ 66% of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule d) The Ascending Loop of Henle is permeable to both water and sodium e) The Distal Convoluted Tubule accounts for a significant portion of bicarbonate reabsorption f) Loop diuretics enter the lumen of the tubule by filtration in Bowman’s capsule |
c) In normal individuals, 100% of filtered glucose and ~ 66% of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
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Loop Diuretics
a) Inhibit the Na/Cl exchanger in the thick Ascending Loop of Henle b) Decrease medullary sodium concentration c) Decrease calcium reabsorption by inhibiting the Na/Ca exchanger in the basolateral membrane of the thick Ascending Loop of Henle d) Increase uric acid excretion e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
b) Decrease medullary sodium concentration
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Bumetanide
1) May induce metabolic alkalosis 2) May potentiate aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity 3) May induce hyponatremic seizures 4) Directly activates the potassium channel in the distal convoluted tubule to increase potassium excretion A = 1,2 3 are correct B = 1 and 3 are correct C = 2and 4 are correct D = 4 only is correct E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
A = 1,2 3 are correct
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Indications for loop diuretics include
a) Kidney stones b) Nephrotic syndrome c) To increase glucose excretion in patients with very high plasma glucose levels d) Left sided heart failure e) All of the above are correct f) B and D are correct |
f) B and D are correct
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Which of the following is/are true about thiazide-like diuretics?
a) Includes Chlorthalidone and Metolazone b) Indapamide may have advantages over thiazides in type II diabetic patients c) They inhibit the Na/Cl transporter in the luminal membrane of the distal convoluted tubule d) Metolazone is effective at low creatinine clearance rates (<30 ml/min) e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
e) All of the above are correct
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Hydrochlorothiazide
a) May cause a reflex mediated increase in renin levels due to volume depletion b) Decreases blood pressure by chronically decreasing cardiac output c) May acutely increase TPR due to reflex activation of sympathetic nerves d) May be used chronically in patients predisposed to gout e) All of the above are correct f) A and C are correct |
f) A and C are correct
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Thiazide diuretics
a) Inhibit the action of parathyroid hormone on calcium reabsorption b) Are contraindicated in diabetes insipidus c) Compete with weak acids for the transporter in the proximal convoluted tubule d) May cause arrhythmias due to increased potassium reabsorption e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Compete with weak acids for the transporter in the proximal convoluted tubule
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Potassium sparing diuretics
a) Directly inhibit the Na and K transporters in the collecting ducts b) Would be effective substitutes for loop diuretics in congestive heart failure c) Are useful by themselves in hypertension d) Triamterene may induce megaloblastic anemia e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
d) Triamterene may induce megaloblastic anemia
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Aldosterone antagonists
a) Produce an immediate increase in sodium reabsorption b) Increase the movement of preformed water channels into the luminal membrane c) Epleronone has more androgenic effects on testosterone receptors than Spironolactone d) Are contraindicated in cirrhosis of the liver and Nephrotic syndrome e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
f) None of the above are correct
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
a) Chronic use produces diuresis equivalent to thiazide diuretics b) Decrease bicarbonate reabsorption mainly in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts c) Decrease activity of the Na/H exchanger in the luminal membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule d) Dorzolamide inhibits the formation of H2CO3 in the ciliary body in glaucoma e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Decrease activity of the Na/H exchanger in the luminal membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule
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Osmotic diuretics
a) Significantly increase potassium excretion b) Undergo hepatic metabolism c) Mannitol may be used in cerebral edema and acute glaucoma d) Inhibit calcium and magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Mannitol may be used in cerebral edema and acute glaucoma
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The administration of NSAID’s would reduce the desired clinical effects in which of the following?
a) Furosemide b) Glycerin c) Chlorothiazide d) Spironolactone e) All of the above are correct f) A and C are correct |
f) A and C are correct
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Furosemide
a) Increases the medullary sodium gradient b) Directly inhibits insulin release c) Increases uric acid excretion d) May potentiate the ototoxicty of aminoglycosides e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
d) May potentiate the ototoxicty of aminoglycosides
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Loop diuretics
a) Increase calcium reabsorbtion by stimulating the Na/Ca exchanger in the basolaterial membrane b) May induce arrhythmias due to excessive sodium loss c) Compete with weak acids for the anion transporter in the proximal convoluted tubule d) Decrease lithium’s therapeutic effect by increasing clearance e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Compete with weak acids for the anion transporter in the proximal convoluted tubule
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Which of the following is/are true?
a) Chlorthalidone may be useful in long-term control of gout because it increases uric acid excretion b) Hydrochlorothiazide antihypertensive activity would be potentiated by daily aspirin therapy c ) Chlorthaidone is contraindicated in renal stones d) Hydrochlorothiazide may potentiate digitalis toxicity even at potassium levels within the normal range. e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
d) Hydrochlorothiazide may potentiate digitalis toxicity even at potassium levels within the normal range.
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Thiazide diuretics
a) Decrease blood pressure by chronically decreasing cardiac output b) Acutely increase TPR due to reflex activation of sympathetic nerves c) Chronically decrease plasma volume by inhibiting the renin-angiotnesin-aldosterone system d) Slowly return TPR back towards normal due to increase vascular responsiveness to Norepinephrine e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
b) Acutely increase TPR due to reflex activation of sympathetic nerves
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Amiloride
a) Inhibits the Na/Cl transporter in the distal convoluted tubule b) May reflexively increase uric acid absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule c) May cause increased number of water channels in the luminal membrane d) Is the diuretic drug of choice for diabetics e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
b) May reflexively increase uric acid absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
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Which of the following is/are true?
a) Aldosterone increases the number of Na channels in basolateral membranes b) Epleronone may cause mild alkalosis and hypokalemia c) Spironolactone may cause unwanted hair growth in women d) Epleronone is contraindicated in congestive heart failure because of excessive potassium excretion e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Spironolactone may cause unwanted hair growth in women
??? |
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
a) Inhibit HCO3 absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule b) Decrease activation of Na/H exchanger in the luminal membrane c) May cause metabolic acidosis d) Are used topically to decrease fluid production in glaucoma e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
e) All of the above are correct
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Osmotic diuretics
a) Decrease sodium reabsorbtion by decreasing sodium gradients in the renal medulla b) May cause hypokalemia c) May be useful for the chronic treatment of glaucoma d) Require metabolic activation e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
a) Decrease sodium reabsorbtion by decreasing sodium gradients in the renal medulla
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Hydrogen ion secretion into the urine is stimulated by the following diuretics
1) Furosemide 2) Amiloride 3) Chlorthalidone 4) Spironolactone A = 1,2,3 B = 1,3 C = 2,4 D = 4 only E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
B = 1,3
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Loop diuretics
1) Inhibit the Na-2Cl-K carrier in the thick ascending loop of henle 2) Directly decrease Insulin secretion 3) Increase calcium excretion 4) Increase uric acid secretion A = 1,2,3 B = 1,3 C = 2,4 D = 4 only E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
B = 1,3
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Adverse effects of loop diuretics include which of the following?
1) Volume depletion 2) Hypoglycemia 3) Hyponatremia 4) Acidosis A = 1,2,3 B = 1,3 C = 2,4 D = 4 only E = All of the above are correct F = None of the above are correct |
B = 1,3
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Thiazide diuretics
a) Increase urine output 1-2 liters/day b) Decrease renal calcium excretion c) May cause gout d) May decrease GFR e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
e) All of the above are correct
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Which of the following exerts its effects through the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase?
a) Acetazoalmide b) Triamterene c) Amiloride d) Eplerenone e) Metolazone f) None of the above |
a) Acetazoalmide
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Potassium sparing diuretics
a) Block the luminal the Na/Cl transporter b) Increase water channel placement in the luminal membrane c) May cause megaloblastic anemia d) Compete with cations for organic ion transporter e) A and B f) C and D |
f) C and D
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Aldosterone antagonists:
a) Decrease water channels in luminal membrane b) Significantly increase serum lipids c) Increase the number of sodium channels in the luminal membrane d) Decrease activity of NaK ATPase e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
d) Decrease activity of NaK ATPase
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The administration of NSAIDS would reduce the clinical desired effects of which of the following?
a) Toresemide b) mannitol c) Eplerone d) Acetazolamide e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
a) Toresemide
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Which of the following is/are true about carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
a) They are useful in glaucoma because they inhibit bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule b) They are useful in epilepsy because they decrease Na and K reabsorption and depress neurons c) Are useful in altitude sickness because they increase fluid loss by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ascending loop of henle d) Are useful in head injury because they decrease the production of CSF e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
d) Are useful in head injury because they decrease the production of CSF
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Which of the following effects would explain the hemodynamic profile of thiazides?
a) Acute decrease in plasma volume which quickly reverses b) Acute decrease in cardiac output which slowly reverses c) Slow decrease in TPR which is maintained d) Slow decrease plasma volume which is maintained e) All of the above are correct f) None of the above are correct |
c) Slow decrease in TPR which is maintained
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Matching
Used in the diagnosis of asthmatics a) Bethanechol b) Doxacurium c) Edrophonium d) Methacholine e) Oxybutynin f) Pralidoxime |
d) Methacholine
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Matching
Bladder stimulant, resistant to ACHE a) Bethanechol b) Doxacurium c) Edrophonium d) Methacholine e) Oxybutynin f) Pralidoxime |
a) Bethanechol
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Matching
Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis a) Bethanechol b) Doxacurium c) Edrophonium d) Methacholine e) Oxybutynin f) Pralidoxime |
c) Edrophonium
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Matching
Antidote to nerve gas poisoning a) Bethanechol b) Doxacurium c) Edrophonium d) Methacholine e) Oxybutynin f) Pralidoxime |
f) Pralidoxime
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Matching
Transdermal preparation for urinary incontinence a) Bethanechol b) Doxacurium c) Edrophonium d) Methacholine e) Oxybutynin f) Pralidoxime |
e) Oxybutynin
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Matching
Most potent neuromuscular blocker a) Bethanechol b) Doxacurium c) Edrophonium d) Methacholine e) Oxybutynin f) Pralidoxime |
b) Doxacurium
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Matching
Inhibit Na-2Cl-K transporter a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamide e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
a) Bumetanide
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Matching
Thiazide like diruretic useful with creatinine clearance rates < 30 ml/ min a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamide e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
e) Metolazone
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Matching
Thiazide diuretic with less effects on lipids, potassium and glucose a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamide e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
c) Indapamide
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Matching
Decreases HCO3 in cilliary body a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamid e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
b) Dorozolamide
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Matching
Decreases HCO3 reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamide e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
d) Methazolamide
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Matching
Decrease sodium channels in luminal membrane a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamide e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
f) Spironolactone
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Matching
Blocks Na/H antiporter a) Bumetanide b) Dorozolamide c) Indapamide d) Methazolamide e) Metolazone f) Spironolactone g) Triamterene |
g) Triamterene
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List three adverse effects of Ipratropium
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Palpitations, blurred vision, dry mouth, Bronchospasm
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List a leukotriene (LTD4) antagonist
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Montelukast or Zarfirlukast
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In which segment of the lumen is 60-70% of the filtered sodium and water reabsorbed?
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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Loop diuretic increase / decrease calcium reabsorption
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decrease
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List two therapeutic uses of K-sparing diuretics and two for Aldosterone antagonists
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Prevent potassium loss with loops or thiazides, can cause minimal diuresis, Aldosteronism, hypertension, CHF, Edematous conditions any two
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True/False
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause a sustained increase in sodium and water excretion |
False
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Aldosterone antagonists increase / decrease potassium excretion and increase / decrease calcium excretion
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decrease
increase |
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Thiazide diuretics specifically inhibit the ____ sodium transporter
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Na/Cl
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List three of the signs and symptoms of asthma
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Wheezing, coughing, Tachpnea, Dsypnea any three
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List a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor
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Zileuton
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In which segment of the lumen is ~25% of the sodium reabsorbed?
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ascending loop of Henle
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Thiazide diuretics increase / decrease calcium reabsorption
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increase
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List four therapeutic uses of Loop diuretics
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Pulmonary edema, Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis of the liver, Hypercalcemia, heart failure, renal insufficieny, hypertension
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True/False
Osmotic diuretics significantly increase sodium excretion? |
False
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Aldosterone antagonists increase / decrease potassium excretion and increase / decrease calcium excretion
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decrease
increase |
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Loop diuretics specifically inhibit the _____ sodium transporter
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Na/K/2Cl
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List the three main approaches for treating asthma
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Reverse bronchoconstriction, remove trigger or antigen, control inflammation
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List an agent that stabilizes mast cells
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Cromolyn sodium, or Nedcromil
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In which segment of the lumen is ~ 5% of the sodium reabsorbed?
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Distal convoluted tubule
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Loop diuretics increase / decrease magnesium reabsorption
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Decrease
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List four therapeutic uses of Thiazide diuretics
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renal failure, cirrhosis of the liver, CHF, hypercalciurea (Kidney stones), Nephrogenic diabeteis insipidus, hypertension
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True/False
Osmotic diuretics significantly increase sodium excretion |
False
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Aldosterone antagonists increase / decrease sodium channels in the luminal membrane and increase / decrease Na/K ATPase activity
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decrease
decrease |
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Loop diuretics specifically inhibit the ______ sodium transporter
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Na/K/2Cl
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