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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are anxiolytics used to treat?
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Anxiety states
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What are hypnotics?
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Used to treat insomnia
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What characterises anxiolytics?
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feelings: nervousness, feeling of foreboding,
Physical: agitation, palpitations, sweating, sleeplessness, and GI tract disturbances |
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What characterises insomnia?
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difficulty in sleeping resulting from anxiety?
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What are the main class of drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia?
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CNS depressive drugs. benzodiazepines, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonists, Beta-adrenoreceptors antagonists, sometimes antihistamines (promethazine)
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What are the 5 actions of Benzodiazepines?
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decrease in anxiety, sedative, induction of sleep, reduction of muscle tone, anticonvulsant effects.
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What is the length of action of Midazolam, what is it used for?
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Short, premedication.
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What is the length of action of Diazepam, what is it used for?
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Long, Anxiolytic
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What is the length of action of Lorazepam, what is it used for?
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Medium, Anxiolytic
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What is the length of action of Nitrazepam, what is it used for?
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Medium, Hypnotic
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What is the mechanism of action for Benzodiazepines?
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Bind to the benzodiazepine regulatory site on on GABAa, enhancing its action, Causing a general enhancement of neuroinhibitory action.
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What competitive antagonist of the benzodiazepine regulatory site can be used to treat an overdose of benzodiazepine?
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Flumazenil.
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What % of benzodiazepines are bound to plasma proteins?
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90%
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What is the final excretory product of benzodiazepines?
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Glucuronide
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What are the unwanted effects of benzodiazepines?
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drowsiness, confusion, forgetfulness, and loss of motor control.
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What is the mechanism of action for Benzodiazepines?
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Bind to the benzodiazepine regulatory site on on GABAa, enhancing its action, Causing a general enhancement of neuroinhibitory action.
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What competitive antagonist of the benzodiazepine regulatory site can be used to treat an overdose of benzodiazepine?
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Flumazenil.
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What % of benzodiazepines are bound to plasma proteins?
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90%
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What is the final excretory product of benzodiazepines?
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Glucuronide
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What are the unwanted effects of benzodiazepines?
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drowsiness, confusion, forgetfulness, and loss of motor control. Dependence and tolerance can develop.
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Its dangerous to combine benzodiazepines and alcohol, but why?
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can lead to respiratory depression.
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Where do 5-HT 1a receptors occur and what is there effect?
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presynaptic auto-inhibatory.
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Give an example of a 5-HT 1a agonist?
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Buspirone
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What is action of 5-HT 1a agonist?
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Reduce anxiety but do not cause sedation and motor incoordination.
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What kind of anxiety is Buspirone effected/not effective against?
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good for general anxiety disorder but poor for OCD and PTSD
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In what area of the brain are 5-HT 1a receptors thought to be particularly effective?
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dorsal raphe nucleus of the midbrain
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What are the unwanted effects of 5-HT 1a?
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nausea, nervousness, giddiness, restless, headache, and light-headedness.
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What is the role of beta-adrenoceptors (propranolol) in anxiety treatment?
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Can reduce peripheral symptoms eg sweating, tremor, tachycardia, and diarrhoea. No CNS effect.
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What is the role of Antihistamines (H1) in hypnotic treatment?
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Sedative action of H1 antagonists make them useful.
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What is the role of barbiturates in anxiety treatment?
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Where used before benzodiazepines. Increase GABAa opening by acting on a different receptor and to a level beyond that of GABA itself.
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