Pharmacology - Ans

Front 1

Name two types of Cholinergic agonists.

Back 1

1) Choline Esters (Synthetic)
2) Cholinomimetic Alkaloids (Naturally Occuring)

Front 2

Give three examples of Choline Esters.

Back 2

1) Methacholine
2) Bethanecol
3) Carbachol

Front 3

List three physiological effects of Methacholine.

Back 3

1) Decreases Heart Rate
2) Slows electrical impulses of the Sino-atrial node.
3) Vasoconstriction

Front 4

What is one of the challenges of using synthetic choline esters for treatment?

Back 4

Presence of the ester group make the compounds susceptible to AcetylCholine Esterase (AChE).

Front 5

What properties do Bethanecol and Carbachol have in common?

Back 5

1) Resistant to AChE
2) Increase GI motility & secretion

Front 6

What is Carbachol primarily used for?

Back 6

Induction of miosis (constriction of the pupil).

Front 7

Name three Cholinomimetic alkaloids.

Back 7

1) Muscarine
2) Pilocarpine
3) Arecoline

Front 8

What is Pilocarpine primarily used for?

Back 8

Treatment of glaucoma via miosis >>>flattens out of pupil>>> improves drainage of the eye.

Front 9

Name three reversible AChE inhibitors.

Back 9

1) Edrophorium
2) Neostigmine
3) Pyridostigmine

Front 10

What is Edrophorium chloride used to for and how does it work?

Back 10

a) Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis (decrease in ACh receptors)
b) Temporarily increases ACh at the neurotransmitter site by inhibiting the action of AChE.

Front 11

What are two uses for Neostigmine?

Back 11

1) Reversal of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants
2) Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis

Front 12

How does Neostigmine function as a reversal of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants?

Back 12

Inhibits the action of AChE which maintains ACh at the neurotransmitter site.

Front 13

What is Pyridostigmine used to treat? Why is it superior to other drugs available?

Back 13

Myasthenia Gravis

Has a longer half life oraly (4 hours) and can be given twice a day (as opposed to Neostigmine TID).

Front 14

What leads to ACheI toxicity? What are the related clinical signs?

Back 14

Excessive cholinergic effects

Salivation
Defecation
Muscle Tremors
Miosis
Collapse

Front 15

Name three of the six Muscarinic antagonists.

Back 15

1)Atropine
2)Scopolamine
3)Glycopyrronium
4)Ipratopium
5)Tropicamide
6)Cyclopentolate

Front 16

What is the primary use for Tropicamide and Cyclopentolate?

Back 16

Mydriatic (dialation of the pupil) used for intra-occular exam.

Front 17

Why is Tropicamide the prefered drug for intra-occular exams?

Back 17

It does not cause cycloplegia (paralysis of the cillia of that hold the eye lens) and it is shorter acting than Cyclopentolate.

Front 18

How is Atropine excreted?

Back 18

1) Kidneys
2) Liver Metabolism

Front 19

What are some of the common uses for Atropine?

Back 19

1) Premedicant - decrease salivation, increase HR
2)Organophosphate toxicity treatment
3)Eye Exam - dialation
4)Used with AChEI (reversals for neuromuscular blocks) to reduce muscarinic side effects

Front 20

Name 4 common side effects of Atropine.

Back 20

1)CNS stimulation in horses
2)Constipation
3)Tachycardia
4)Urinary retention

Front 21

What are the 3 primary uses for Scopolamine?

Back 21

1)Drying secretions
2)Anitspasmodic
3)Antiemetic

Front 22

What is unique about Glycopryrronium Bromide?

Back 22

Similar action to Atropine, but does not cross the blood brain barrier or placenta and has decreased tachycardia.

Front 23

What are two uses for Glycopryrronium Bromide?

Back 23

1) Replaces Atropine in C-section
2) Ocular surgery to prevent vagal stimulation.

Front 24

What is Ipratopium Bromide used to treat and how does it work?

Back 24

- COPD in horses
- Bronchiodialtion

Front 25

Why does Ipratopium Bromide have minimal side effects?

Back 25

Quaternary ammonium structure is bulky and ionized, leading to poor absorption on inhalation.

Front 26

Name three drugs that can be used to treat Sarcoptic Scabei (Mange) in dogs.

Back 26

1) Amitraz (wash)
2) Metaflumizone (spot-on)
3) Selamectin
4) Moxidectine

Front 27

Name three drugs that can be used to treat round worms in puppies.

Back 27

1) Milbamycin oxine
2) Pyrantel
3) Fenbendizole
4) Piperazine
5) Nitroscanate
6) Selamectin
7) Moxidectine

Front 28

Name three drugs that can be used for canine heart worm treatment.

Back 28

1) Selamectin
2) Moxidectine
3) Mibemycin oxine

Front 29

What type of drug can be used to reverse a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant? Describe the mechanism.

Back 29

AcetylCholine Esterase inhibitor.

Increases ACh at the transmission site by preventing it's breakdown.

Front 30

What is the main concern with using a AChE inhibitor as a reversal? What precaution is taken when using this type of drug?

Back 30

Overstimulation of muscarinic receptors in the sympathetic NS by increasing ACh everywhere.

Keep Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, close at hand.

Front 31

What type of drugs can be used to treat glaucoma and how do they differ?

Back 31

Increase pupil constiction
1) Carbachol
2) Pilocarpine
Decrease production of aqueous humor
3) Timalol

Front 32

What is used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs? How does it work?

Back 32

Phenylpropanolamine

It is an alpha 1 agonist, which stimulates the urinary sphincter

Front 33

What drugs might be used to treat a dog with urinary retention? How do they work?

Back 33

Relaxation of urinary sphincter
1) Prazosin
Contraction of detruser muscle
2) Bethanacol
3) Carbacol

Front 34

What is the action of Cyclopentolate? What is it typically used for?

Back 34

* Mydiriatic - dialates pupil
* Cycloplegic - paralyses cillia that hold eye lens

Used in intra-occular exams

Front 35

How does Tropicamide differ from Cycolopentolate?

Back 35

Tropicamide is a mydriatic, but is not a cycloplegic. Its rapid on-set and shorter duration make it the preferred preparation for eye exams.

Front 36

What effect do muscarinic antagonists have on the eye?

Back 36

- dialation of the pupil
- relaxation of the ciliary muscle

Front 37

What effect do muscarinic antagonists have on the bladder?

Back 37

Urinary retention (side effect of Atropine) due to tightening of the urinary sphincter and decreasing contractions of the detruser muscle.

Front 38

What are Nm and Nn receptors and where are they found?

Back 38

Nicotinic receptors found on:
Nm - skeletal muscle
Nn - autonomic ganglia

Front 39

Name two Ganglionic (Nn) blockers and their effects.

Back 39

Hexamethonium & Trimetaphan
- hypotension
- loss of CV reflexes
- Controlled hypotension (trimetaphan)
*** Not relevant to vet med***

Front 40

What is the function of (Nm)skeletal muscle nicotinic receptor antagonists?

Back 40

Muscle relaxation during surgical procedures. Two divisions covered in Anesthesia lecutes - depolarizing and non-depolarizing.

Front 41

Name four non-selective Sympathetic Nervous System agonists. What is meant by non-selective?

Back 41

1) Adrenaline
2) Isoprenaline
3) Dopamine
4) Phenylpropanolamine
* They will agonise more than one alpha or beta receptor

Front 42

Adrenaline
- Type of drug
- Use
- Side Effects
- Metabolised
- Route of Admin

Back 42

Non-selective SNS agonist
- Used in cardiac arrest and anapylaxis to jump start the heart
* increase HR
* increases contraction force * vasoconstriction
- induction of tachycardia & arrhythmia
- Metabolised by MOA (nerve terminals) and COMT (neuronal tissue)
- IV or intratracheal

Front 43

Isoprenaline
- Type of drug
- Use
- Side Effects
- Metabolised
- Route of Admin

Back 43

Non-selective Beta agonist
- Not often used, but has positive inotropic & chronotropic effects.
- Myocardia Necrosis & arrhythmias
- Metabolised by COMT in the liver.

Front 44

Dopamine
- Use
- Side Effect

Back 44

Neurotransmitter (Dopamine receptors)
- Promotes flow to kidney to increase GFR in acute renal failure patients via renal vasodialation.
- At high doses can have opposite effect by agonising alpha1 adrenorecptors

Front 45

Phenylpropanolamine
- Use
- Side Effects
- Administration

Back 45

Non-selective alpha agonist
- Urinary incontinence by inducing release of NA.
- Excitability in cats; aggression in dogs.
- Oral

Front 46

Name one Beta1 agonist and its primary effects.

Back 46

Dobutamine
- increase HR
- increase force of contraction (positive inotrop)

Front 47

What are the primary uses for Dobutamine? How is it administered?

Back 47

* Maintain a high mean arterial pressure during equine anesthesia.
* Inotropic support during cardiac crisis
- IV infusion (short t1/2 and rapid metabolism)

Front 48

Name three Beta2 agonists and their primary use.

Back 48

Bronchodialation
- Clenbuterol
- Terbutaline
- Isoxuprine

Front 49

Clenbuterol
- Type of drug
- Use
- Side Effects
- Administration

Back 49

Beta2 agonist - increse cAMP
- COPD treatment in horse, bronchodialation. Growth promoter.
- uterine relaxation, vasodialation, tacchycardia (OD), increases lean muscle mass (hypertrophy)
- Oral or IV

Front 50

Terbutaline
- Type of drug
- Use
- Side Effects
- Administration

Back 50

Beta2 agonist (less selective)
- Bronchodialator
- Cardiac side effects
- Oral

Front 51

Isoxuprine
- Type of drug
- Use
* Added benifit

Back 51

Beta2 agonist
- Treatment of navicular disease (vasodialation), delay parturition (tocolytic -decrease uterine contranction)
* Can reverse tocolytic effect with Oxytocin

Front 52

Name an alpha1 adrenoreceptor antagonist and what it is used for?

Back 52

Phenylephrine
- mydriasis (pupil dialation) during eye exams

Front 53

Why are alpha2 agonist important in veterinary medicine? Name four.

Back 53

Central sedative effects
- Clonidine
- Xylazine
- Medetomidine
- Detomidine

Front 54

Clonidine
- Type of drug
- Use

Back 54

Alpha2 agonist
- diagonosis of growth hormone deficiency via stimulation of GHRF

Front 55

What is the function of alpha1 antagonists? Name five.

Back 55

Vasodialtion
- Prazosin
- Terazosin
- Alfuzasin
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Prasosin

Front 56

Phenoxybenzamine
- Type of drug
- Use
- Side Effect

Back 56

Alpha1 antagonist
- Treatment for urinary retention and laminitis.
- Hypotension

Front 57

Prazosin
- Type of drug
- Use

Back 57

Alpha1 antagonist
- Certain urinary tract conditions

Front 58

What is the function of alpha2 antagoinsts? Name two.

Back 58

Reversal of sedation induced by alpha2 agonists.
- Yohimbine
- Atipamezole

Front 59

What is the function of Beta antagonists (aka Beta Blockers)? Name five.

Back 59

Decrease HR & Contractility
- Propranolol (mixed)
- Esmolol (Beta1)
- Atenolol (Beta1)
- Metoprolol (Beta1)
- Timolol

Front 60

What is Timolol used to treat?

Back 60

Glaucoma via decrease in production of aqueous humor.