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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
List three classes of agents that decrease the formation of aqueous humor.
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1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
2. Osmotic Diuretics 3. Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents |
corn C.O.B.
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Classification/Effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
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Agents that decrease the formation of aqueous humor.
Effects: Inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase, reduces aqueous humor produced thereby reduces intraocular pressure. |
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Usage of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
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1. open-angle glaucoma and
2. preoperative management of narrow-angle glaucoma. |
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Side Effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
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1) Fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially hypokalemia
2) Allergic reaction to sulfonamide antibiotic: fever, rash, hemolytic anemia and edema. 3) Neurological effects: "tingling" in the extremities and lips, mouth, or anus. 4) Long-term therapy may caused flaccid paralysis, convulsions, and wide variety of other symptoms. |
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Classification/Effects of Osmotic Diuretics
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Agents that decrease the formation of aqueous humor.
Effects: withdraw fluid from the body thereby rapidly reduce the production of aqueous humor in the eye resulted in the reduction of intraocular pressure. |
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Usage of Osmotic Diuretics
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1. acute attacks of narrow-angle glaucoma, or in
2. preparation for surgery of glaucoma. **Not for chronic use** |
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Side Effects of Osmotic Diuretics
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1) Use with extreme caution in clients with renal impairment.
2) May cause nausea, vomiting, plus 3) possibly phlebitis and thrombosis near the site of injection. |
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Classification/Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
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Agents that decrease the formation of aqueous humor.
Effects: when applied topically, these drugs lower intraocular pressure by reducing the formation of aqueous humor. |
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Usage for Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
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Usage: Open-angle glaucoma
Do not cause blurred vision |
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Side effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
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1) Interfere with the therapy of clients with bronchial asthma and congestive heart failure.
2) Ocular irritation 3) Reduced heat rate |
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List two classes of Agents that Increase the Outflow of Aqueous Humor
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1. Direct-Acting Miotics
2. Miotics that inhibits Cholinesterase Activity |
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Classifications/Effects of Direct-Acting Miotics
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Agents that Increase the Outflow of Aqueous Humor.
Effects: Mimic the action of acetylcholine and act to constrict pupil (miosis) and contract ciliary muscle. |
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Usage for Direct-Acting Miotics
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1. Narrow-angle glaucoma: miosis opens the anterior chamber angles and facilitates the out flow of aqueous humor.
2. Chronic open-angle glaucoma: contraction of ciliary muscle increases the outflow by an indirect effect on the trabecular meshwork. |
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Side Effects Direct-Acting Miotics
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1) Reduced visual acuity
2) Systemic effects such as flushing, sweating, gastric distress, diarrhea, and headache. 3) First dose may cause stinging. |
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Classifications/Effects of Miotics that inhibits Cholinesterase Activity
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Agents that Increase the Outflow of aqueose humor.
Effects: prevent the enzymatic destruction of actylcholine within the eye by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. This results in greater acetylcholine activity, the production of miosis, and contraction of the ciliary muscles. |
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Usage of Miotics that inhibits Cholinesterase Activity
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Usage: Open-angle glaucoma clients who failed to response to other forms of drug therapy.
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Side effect of Miotics that inhibits Cholinesterase Activity
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1) Systemically: precipitate salivation, urinary incontinence, sweating, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and a multitude of other adverse effects.
2) Locally: stinging, burning, lacrimation, lens opacities, and ocular inflammation. |
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List the two classes of agent that decrease formation and increase the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye.
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1. Prostagladin-Inhibiting Agents
2. Sympathomimetic Agents |
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Classification/ Effects of Prostagladin-Inhibiting Agents
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Agents that decrease formation and increase outflow of aqueous humor.
Effects: facilitates the outflow of aqueous humor by inhibiting protaglandin synthesis, thereby increasing vascular permeability. |
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side effects/cautions of Prostagladin-Inhibiting Agents
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1) Change color of iris
**Take off contacts** |
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Classification/ Effects of Sympathomimetic Agents
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Agents that decrease formation and increase outflow of aqueous humor.
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side effects/cautions of Sympathomimetic Agents
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1) Cautions in elderly and in clients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, or heart disease.
2) Persons using MAO inhibitors and/or other antidepressant drugs. 3) Should only be use for Open-angle glaucoma. |
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