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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bethancol (Urecholine)
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Parasympathomimetic
Reversibly binds cholinergic receptors Relieves urinary retention (contracts bladder) Adverse effects: hypotention, bradycardia, increased secretions, exacerbation of asthma |
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cevimeline HCl (Evoxac)
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Parasympathomimetic
For tx dry mouth (increases salivation) |
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edrophonium (Tensilon)
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Cholinesterase inhibitor
Used to dx myasthenia gravis ("Tensilon challenge"; increases ACh available for mm.) |
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neostigmine (Prostigmin)
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Parasympathomimetic
For tx myasthenia gravis, to increase urination (stimulates cholinergic receptors, contracts bladder) |
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pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine, Salagen)
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Parasympathomimetic
For tx of glaucoma (causes pupillary constriction) |
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donepezil (Aricept)
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Cholinesterase inhibitor
For tx psych disorders, not MG (i.e. Alzheimer's) (increases available ACh at nerve terminals) |
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methyldopa (Aldomet)
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Alpha-2 (CNS) adrenergic agonist
For tx HTN (negative feedback on sympathetic output) |
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phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
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Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist
For tx nasal decongestion primarily, also to increase BP, hemostasis, and mydriasis (causes vasoconstriction) |
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albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)
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Beta-2 adrenergic agonist
For tx asthma (bronchodilation) |
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clonidine (Catapres)
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Alpha-2 (CNS) adrenergic agonist
For tx HTN (negative feedback on sympathetic output) |
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sotalol (Betapace)
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Beta-1, Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist
For tx dysrhythmias (slows heart; negative inotrope) |
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timolol (Blocadren, Timoptic)
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Beta-1, Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist
For tx HTN, angina, glaucoma (negative inotrope, blocks bronchodilation) |
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pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, others)
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Alpha/Beta adrenergic agonist
For tx nasal congestion (vasoconstriction) |
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salmeterol (Serevent)
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Beta-2 adrenergic agonist
For decongestion (causes bronchodilation) |
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propanolol (Inderal)
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Beta-1/Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist
For tx HTN, angina, dysrhythmias, MI, heart failure (negative inotrope, blocks bronchodilation) |
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terazosin (Hytrin)
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Alpha-1 antagonist
For tx HTN (and BPH) (blocks vasoconstriction --> vasodilation) |
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metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol)
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Beta-1 adrenergic antagonist
For tx HTN (also angina, heart failure, MI) (negative inotrope) |
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prazosin (Minipress)
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Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist
For tx HTN (blocks vasoconstriction --> vasodilation) |
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carvedilol (Coreg)
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Alpha-1, Beta-1, Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist
For tx HTN. (blocks vasoconstriction --> vasodilation; negative inotrope, blocks bronchodilation) |
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doxazosin (Cardura)
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Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist
For tx HTN (and BPH) (blocks vasoconstriction --> vasodilation) |
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epinephrine (Adrenaline, Primatene)
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Beta-1, Beta-2, Alpha-1, Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
For tx anaphylaxis, low BP, especially cardiac arrest and asthma (causes vasoconstriction, positive inotrope, bronchodilation) |
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isoproterenol (Isuprel)
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Beta-1, Beta-2 adrenergic agonist
For tx asthma, heart failure, dysrhythmias (causes bronchodilation, positive inotrope) |
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dobutamine (Dobutrex)
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Beta-1 adrenergic agonist
Primary use: cardiac stimulant (increases HR) |
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dopamine (Intropin)
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Alpha-1, Beta-1 adrenergic agonist; dopamine receptor agonist
For tx of shock (causes vasoconstriction; positive inotrope) |
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terbutaline (Brethine, others)
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Beta-2 adrenergic agonist
For prevention of pre-term labor; for tx asthma (causes bronchodilation) |
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pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
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Cholinesterase inhibitor
For tx MG (increases available ACh) |
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atropine
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Anti-cholinergic
To increase HR, effect mydriasis (blocks parasympathetic receptors) |
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benztropine (Cogentin)
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Anti-cholinergic
For tx Parkinson's; neuroleptic side effects |
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cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
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Anti-cholinergic
For pupillary dilation |
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dicyclomine
(Bentyl, others) |
Anti-cholinergic
For tx IBS (decreases GI motility) |
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glycopyrrolate (Robinul)
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Anti-cholinergic
To produce "dry" pre-anesthesia field; for tx peptic ulcers (decreases secretions, decreases GI activity) |
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ipratropium (Atrovent)
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Anti-cholinergic
For tx asthma (causes bronchodilation) |
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oxybutynin (Ditropan)
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Anti-cholinergic
For tx incontinence (relaxes bladder) |
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propantheline (Pro-Banthine)
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Anti-cholinergic
For tx IBS, peptic ulcers (decreases GI motility) |
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trihexyphenidyl (Artane, others)
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Anti-cholinergic
For tx Parkinson's dz (decreases muscular activity?) |
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Filgrastim (Neupogen)
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Colony-stimulating factor (human G-CSF), produced through DNA recomb. technology
Increases neutrophil production in bone marrow; enhances the phagocytic and cytotoxic functions of existing neutrophils as well. SubQ or slow IV) |
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Ferrous sulfate (Feosul, others)
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Dietary supplement; For the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemias.
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Epoetin (Epogen, Procrit)
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Hematological agent; For tx anemia (cancer, renal failure, HIV:taking AZT); reduce need for blood transfusions (perioperatively)
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Heparin
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Anti-coagulant; For tx/prophylaxis thrombosis/embolism; consumptive coagulopathies
(inactivates Factor Xa; inhibits converstion prothrombin to thrombin) |
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cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
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Dietary supplement
For tx B12-def (NOT for pernicious anemia) To meet RDA (2 mcg/day) (essential for growth, hematopoeisis, nucleic acid and myelin synthesis) |
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Folic Acid (vit B9; Folacin, folate)
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Dietary supplement; necessary for DNA replication; supplied during pregnancy to prevent spina bifida
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Penicillins
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G, V, naficillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin taxobactam, ticarcillin; Disrupt Gram-positive (strep, pneum, staph) bacterial cell walls via beta-lactam ring; many people are allergic to them; may contain high levels sodium/potassium in preparations; excreted through kidneys; enters breast milk; take probiotic suppl. to prevent superinfection; may cause AAPMC - stop drug, replace fluids/electrolytes.
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Cephalosporins
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Cefazolin, cephalexin, cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftaxidime, cefepime;Kills bacterial cell walls with beta-lactam ring; used for G-negative infections primarily; four generations of drugs exist; many may be allergic to these; interfere with Vit. K metabolism and may decrease prothrombin levels - risk for bleeding; assess renal and liver function; use probiotic suppl. to prevent superinfection; can cause AAPMC.
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Tetracyclines
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Doxycycline, tetracyclin; Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosome; bacteriostatic; used for RMSF, typhus, cholera, chlamydial infections, Lyme dz, H.pylori peptic ulcers; Dairy products, Mg, Ca, and Fe limit their absorption; contraindicated in pts <8y/o (dental discoloration), and in pregnancy; causes photosensitivity; risk for superinfection (esp. Candida); do not admin. with antacids or antilipidemics
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Macrolides
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Azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin;Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosome; effective ag. G+ and G- species; used for Legionnaires' dz, whooping cough, strep, H. flu, mycoplasma, Listeria, Chlamydia, Neisseria, Legionella (bacteria are INTRAcellular); few serious side-effects, may cause superinfection (broad-spectrum); may exacerbate existing heart dz; may be toxic to liver; interact with many substances (some anesthetics, anticonvulsants, cyclosporine, warfarin (Coumadin) - decreases its metabolism, clarithromycin and AZT give 4 hours apart
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Aminoglycosides
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Amikacin, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, trobramycin; More toxic than other AB classes - may cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis/cause synthesis of abnormal proteins; usually reserved for serious systemic G- infections (E. Coli, pseudomonas, serratia, proteus, klebsiella);usually given parenterally or topically; may cause neuromuscular blockade (use with caution in pts with MG, Parkinson's, receiving anesthetics; use caution with neonates, infants, elderly; increase fluid intake; may lead to superinfection
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Fluoroquinolones
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Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, trovafloxacin mesylate; Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis; all effective ag G-bacteria, some ag G+ ones; used for resp., GI, GU, and some skin and soft tissue infections; WELL absorbed orally; antacids, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn decrease their absorption A LOT; may cause dysrhythmias (gati, moxi) and liver failure (trova); may cause CNS effects (dizziness, headache, sleep disturbances); also affect cartilage development (caution with kids); CI pregnancy/lactating pts; may decrease leukocytes; may increase Coumadin effects; increase fluid intake to prevent crystalluria; nor - possible photophobia;
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Sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
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Inhibit folic acid synthesis; effective ag G+ and G- species; widespread use has led to many resistant strains; combo sulfa used for UTIs; also used for shigella infections and PCP; are either systemic or topical (although many are allergic); readilly absorbed in GI tract; can cause crystalluria (3L fluid/day), potentially fatal blood abnormalities; CI pregnancy/lactation/age <2mo. (can cause jaundice); don't use with diuretics or sulfonylurea antidiabetics; may cause photosensitivity
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linezolid (Zyvox)
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An oxazolidinone; effective ag. MRSA; IV or oral; CI in pregnancy; caution with HTN, AOIs, SSRIs (HTN crisis); can cause thrombocytopenia
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clindamycin (Cleocin)
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Effective ag. G+ and G- organisms (i.e. Clostridium perfringens); may cause AAPMC - most serious side effect; may also cause blood dyscrasias, superinfections, cardiac arrest
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vancomycin (Vancocin)
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Lincosamide; Given for severe infections from G+ organisms such as S. aureus, S. pneumoniae; often used after resistance to other AB has developed; most effective for MRSA; can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity; rapid IV admin can cause RED MAN syndrome (hypotension, flushing, red rash on face and upper body); may also cause superinfections
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ertapenem (Invanz)
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Carbapenem; bacteriocidal, very broad spectrum (narrower than the others, however, but longer t(1/2); treats serious abdominopelvic and skin infections, Cacq pneumonia, complicated UTI; low incidence adverse effects
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imipenem-cilastin (Primaxin)
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Carbapenem; bacteriocidal and the most broad spectrum AB; low incidence adverse effects
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nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin, others)
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An anti-infective; a nitrofuran; Alters bacterial ribosomal proteins and other macromolecules; For tx UTI and uncomplicated cystitis from E. Coli, S. aureus, certain Enterobacter, Klebsiella; give with food; CI pregnancy, neonates; may cause N/V, anorexia, dark urine, anaphylaxis, superinfections, hepatic necrosis, interstitial pneumonitis, SJS
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aztreonam (Azactam)
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A monobactam; Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis; Used against G- bacteria for UTI, LRTI, gynecological, skin, intraabdominal infections and septicemia; IV or IM; CI renal insufficiency; May cause anaphylaxis, superinfections, AAPMC; avoid in pregnancy
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Vaccines
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MMR, DPT, Hep B, Influenza
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Immunostimulants: Interferons
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Cytokines released by lymphocytes and macrophages when infected by a virus; for tx Hairy cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, chronic Hep. B or C; they slow the spread of viral infections and enhance lymphocyte activity; CI renal or liver disease and pregnancy; can cause encephalopathy, leukemia, depression, suicidal ideation; avoid use with corticosteroids
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Immunostimulants: Interleukins
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Enhance immune system capabilities by increasing T-cell activity, B-cell production, antibody production, and inflammation;CI renal or liver disease and pregnancy; can cause encephalopathy, leukemia, depression, suicidal ideation; avoid use with corticosteroids
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Immunosuppressants
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Antibodies - Humira, Remicade;
Antimetabolites - Imuran, Cytoxan, enbrel, methotrexate, CellCept Dampen immune response by inhibiting lymphocyte replication; help prevent transplant rejection; used in RA and other AImm. diseases; infection is common; toxic to bone marrow |
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Immunosuppressants
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Calcineurin inhibitors: cyclosporine, tacrolimus
Disrupt T-cell function by inhibiting one of their intracellular messengers; especially effective in treating psoriasis; same cautions as others in same class |
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Glucocorticoids
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celestone, cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone
Potent inhibitors of inflammation; inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins; also decrease histamine release and some phagocytic and lymphocyte functions; CI: systemic fungal infections; immunocompromise (cancer, HIV, TB); Use caution with GI ulcers, DM, heart failure, mental instability, HTN, renal problems, varicella, osteoporosis; may suppress adrenal gland function, cause hyperglycemia, mood changes, cataracts, peptic ulcers, electrolyte imbalances, and osteoporosis; overuse/extended use may lead to Cushing's syndrome |
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ACE inhibitors
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captopril (Capoten), enlapril (Vasotec), benazepril(Lotensin), lisinopril(Zestril), moexipril; (Univasc), quinapril(Accupril),ramipril(Altace); inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II; lower total peripheral resistance; few CV side effects; CI renal impairment, pregnancy
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Alpha-adrenergic blockers
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prazosin HCl (Minipress), terazosin (Hytrin), doxazosin (Cardura); peripheral vasodilator acting direction on the blood vessel; CI angina and CAD; need to admin with propanolol and diuretic to prevent tachycardia.
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Angiotensin II receptor antagonists/blockers (ARBs)
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losartan(Cozaar), valsartan(Diovan), irbesartan(Avapro); block the effects of angiotensin II at the receptor; reduce peripheral resistance; minimal side effects; CI pregnancy, renovascular disease
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Beta-adrenergic blockers
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propanolol(Inderal), nadolol(Corgard), atenolol(Tenormin), metoprolol(Lopressor), betaxolol(Kerlone), bisoprolol(Zebeta); block the sympathetic nervous system (beta-adrenergic receptors), esp. sympathetics to the heart, slowing the HR and lowered BP; pts with tachy and BP elev --> reduce pulse rate; indic for pts with stable angina and silent ischemia; CI: asthma, all.rhin., RV failure from pulm HTN, heart failure, DM, depression, PVD, dyslipidemia, heart block
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Calcium-channel blockers
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verapamil immediate release(Calan), diltiazem(Cardizem), nifedipine(Procardia), amlodipine(Norvasc), isradipine(DynaCirc), felodipine(Plendil), nisoldipine(Sular); inhibit calcium ion influx; reduce cardiac afterload (diltiazem); also slows velocity of conduction of cardiac impulse (verapamil); also vasodilate coronary and peripheral arteriole, decrease cardiac work and energy consumption, increase delivery of oxygen to myocardium (amlopidine, felodipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine)
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Loop diuretics
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Lasix, Bumex, Edecrin, Demadex; volume depletion, blocks reabsorption of Na, Cl, and H2O in kidney; rapid action/potent; used when thiazides fail or pt in need of rapid diuresis; CI same as thiazides
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Thiazide diuretics
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HCTZ, Esidrex, Zaroxolyn, Hygroton; inexpensive, effective orally and during long-term administration, mild side effects, enhance other antihypertensive meds, counter Na retention effects of other antihypertensive meds; CI: gout, senst to sulfonamide-derived meds, severe renal dysfunction, hx hyponatremia
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K-sparing diruetics
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Aldactone, Triamterene; Cause K retention, CI: renal disease, azotemia, severe hepatic disease, hyperkalemia
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Vasodilators
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hydralazine(Apresoline), minoxidil(Loniten); Apresoline: decreases peripheral resistance but also elevates cardiac output, acts directly on smooth muscle of blood vessels, CI: angina or coronary disease, heart failure, hypersensitivity; Loniten: direct vasodilating action on arteriolar vessels --> decreasing vascular resistance; reduces syst and diastolic pressures, more pronounced effect compared to Aprezoline, no effect on vasomotor reflexes so doesn't cause postural hypotension; CI: pheochromocytoma
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aspirin (ASA)
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salicylates/CNS agents;
antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic; bleeding risk; inactivates prostaglandin synthesis for the life of platelets affected |
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heparin
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Anticoagulant; for prophylaxis and treatment venous thrombosis and extension; PE; peripheral arterial embolism; atrial fibrillation with embolism; for dx and tx DIC;
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isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
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Vasodilator; for tx (SL only) and prevention of angina r/t coronary artery disease; relaxes vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation of peripheral vessels, especially of veins; also causes coronary artery dilation
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pentoxifylline (Trental)
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For tx hypercoagulability (hemorrheologic agent); makes rbcs more flexible (i.e. decreases blood's viscosity); for tx of intermittent claudication on the basis of chronic occlusive arterial dz of the extremities; may improve function, but does not replace other therapies
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protamine sulfate
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coagulant; Heparin antagonist; for tx heparin overdose; each mg neutralizes 100 heparin units; combines with heparin to form a stable salt (an anticoag on its own)
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nitroglycerin
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vasodilator; for management of acute MI; for tx Prinzmetal's angina in pts without CAD; relaxes vascular smooth muscle; dilates arteries and veins; decreases vascular return, PVR, and afterload
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streptokinase
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No longer available in the US; thrombolytic; a sterile, purified preparation of a bacterial protein elaborated by group C (beta) -hemolytic streptococci; for management of acute MI; for lysis of DVT, PE, etc.
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tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA; Alteplase)
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Serine protease; initiates fibrinolysis; For management of acute MI; to improve ventricular function
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urokinase (Activase)
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Serine protease; initiates fibrinolysis; For management of acute MI; to improve ventricular function
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warfarin (Coumadin)
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Anticoagulant; inhibits vit K dependent clotting factors; for prophylaxis tx venous thrombosis and extension; to reduce risk of thromboembolism
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vitamin K (Mephyton)
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For tx faulty formation of factors II, VII, IX and X when caused by vitamin K deficiency or interference with vitamin K activity; indicated in anticoagulant-induced prothrombin deficiency caused by coumadin
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