Pharmacology

Front 1

additive

Back 1

two drugs whose sum effect when given together is equal to the effect from each given separately but at the same time

Front 2

agonist

Back 2

drug that activates its receptor upon binding.

Front 3

bioavailability

Back 3

fraction of drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

Front 4

dependence

Back 4

drug use that would result in withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation; can be psychological or physiological.

Front 5

desensitization

Back 5

loss of tissue responsiveness that can occur with drug exposure.

Front 6

disease management

Back 6

all inclusive management of a patient’s disease.

Front 7

enteral route

Back 7

the route comprising oral, sublingual, nasogastric, or rectal routes of drug absorption.

Front 8

first-pass effect

Back 8

elimination of drug that happens after administration but before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Front 9

formulary

Back 9

list of drugs stocked by the pharmacy.

Front 10

loading dose

Back 10

dose that is first administered to rapidly achieve a therapeutic concentration.

Front 11

maintenance dose

Back 11

doses given to keep a drug at a therapeutic level in the blood.

Front 12

parenteral route

Back 12

the route comprising routes that bypass the alimentary tract; injectable.

Front 13

pharmacodynamics

Back 13

actions of the drug on the body.

Front 14

pharmacokinetics

Back 14

actions of the body on the drug.

Front 15

pharmacology

Back 15

study of drugs and their action on the body.

Front 16

pharmacotherapy

Back 16

application of drug therapy to disease treatment.

Front 17

transdermal

Back 17

delivered through the skin.

Front 18

potentiation

Back 18

the effect of two drugs given together when one drug has no effect but increases the response of the other drug, which normally has a lesser effect.

Front 19

protein binding

Back 19

refers to sites such as albumin where the drug is connected or bound and inactive; influences drug distribution.
racemic
refers to drugs that contain two chemical components that may have different activity.
receptor
target for drugs to act on.
selectivity
extent to which a drug acts on one specific site or receptor.

Front 20

steady state

Back 20

state reached when input of the drug is equal to the output of drug over the dosing interval.

Front 21

sublingual

Back 21

refers to drug absorption under the tongue.

Front 22

synergism

Back 22

the result when two drugs are given together and their effect is greater than the effect from each given separately.

Front 23

teratogenic

Back 23

having an effect on prenatal development that results in abnormal structure or function.

Front 24

therapeutic index

Back 24

quantitative measure of a drug’s safety.

Front 25

therapeutic range

Back 25

range of drug concentration in the body in which the drug produces the desired response.

Front 26

therapeutics

Back 26

study of drugs used to cure, treat, or prevent disease.

Front 27

toxicology

Back 27

study of drugs as it relates to poisonings and environmental toxins.

Front 28

tolerance

Back 28

decrease in susceptibility to a drug’s effect from continued use.

Front 29

The agency that regulates drug testing is called the:

Back 29

FDA

Front 30

What are the main problems with herbal medications?

Back 30

little control of dosage and contamination

Front 31

Drug name that assists in the manufacturing of the drug is called the:

Back 31

chemical name

Front 32

Registered name under which a pharmaceutical company can produce and market a drug is the:

Back 32

trade name

Front 33

The section of a drug insert that would give you reasons why to use this particular medication is the:

Back 33

indications

Front 34

The term for when the summation of the effects of two drugs given together is greater than the sum effects of the two individual drugs is:

Back 34

synergism

Front 35

The amount of drug absorbed into the bloodstream is the:

Back 35

bioavailability

Front 36

Which type of drug admistration would more likely result in a steady state drug concentration?

Back 36

IV drip

Front 37

A severly malnourshished patient with low serum albumin may elicit which drug response?

Back 37

greater than expected

Front 38

Liver enzyme induction would result in:

Back 38

a quicker metabolism of the drug and therefore less drug effects

Front 39

Which of the following is NOT a true statement concerning agonists and antagonists?

Back 39

Antagonists activate receptors

Front 40

If a patient has liver disease that increases the half life of the drug, what will be the outcome concerning drug effects?

Back 40

drug effects greater than expected

Front 41

A low therapeutic index (TI) indicates that:

Back 41

drug may have more adverse side effects

Front 42

The term for nothing by mouth is:

Back 42

NPO

Front 43

The term for whenever needed is:

Back 43

PRN

Front 44

Mr. Kingston, a new outpatient in the pulmonary rehabilitation area, tells you that he has been using a Proventil inhaler. However, you notice in the medical records that his physician has written an order for albuterol inhaler. You would:

Back 44

Tell Mr. Kingston that he should keep using the Proventil inhaler as prescribed.

Front 45

In respiratory therapy, sometimes Proventil and Atrovent are used together to help a patient to breathe better. The patient often achieves a higher level of beneficial effect from these two aerosolized drugs when given together than if given separately. This type of drug interaction is an example of:

Back 45

Synergism.

Front 46

When an antibiotic is administered to a patient with an aerosol nebulizer, this method of administration is done via the _______ route. This method has the advantage of minimizing the _______.

Back 46

topical; systemic side effects

Front 47

In one reference, the therapeutic range for serum theophylline level is 5-15 μg/ml. This implies that a theophylline level of _______ might not provide the intended beneficial effects. In addition, the theophylline can reach toxic level at _______.

Back 47

less than 5 μg/ml; more than 15 μg/ml

Front 48

Since many drugs are metabolized by the liver, patients with liver disease should be evaluated for the _______ of drug under consideration.

Back 48

type and dosage only

Front 49

For drugs that rely on renal elimination, an impaired renal function can cause these drugs to remain in the body for a _______ period of time. Subsequently, the required dosage could be _______ than normal.

Back 49

longer; lower

Front 50

Racemic epinephrine and levalbuterol are two respiratory drugs that:

Back 50

Have isomers.

Front 51

Morphine sulfate overdose often produces respiratory depression, hypotension, and other severe clinical conditions. Naloxone (Narcan) can be used to reverse the overdose caused by morphine sulfate. In this example, naloxone is classified as a(n):

Back 51

Antagonist.

Front 52

Listed below are the effective doses of four otherwise identical drugs. Which dose is considered to be the most potent?

Back 52

1 mg

Front 53

Ms. Johnson, a patient recovering from severe chest trauma, has been using morphine sulfate for over two months. The effective dose has increased from 1 mg to 5 mg. This is an example of drug:

Back 53

Tolerance.

Front 54

In reviewing Ms. Warren's chart, the physician writes an order for a loading dose of 100 mg. The loading dose is typically given:

Back 54

To a patient who has not used the drug recently, to reach the desired blood level faster.

Front 55

recent respiratory therapy order reads "albuterol tx with one unit dose q.i.d. and prn." This means that the physician wants the patient to receive this treatment _______ per day and _______.

Back 55

four times; as needed

Front 56

As you are taking care of a critically ill patient, you realize that additional assistance is needed immediately from your department. You would ask the nurse to call for another respiratory therapist:

Back 56

Stat.

Front 57

w/v drug solution

Back 57

a solution in which the solute being dissolved is a solid.

Front 58

viscoelastic

Back 58

having the ability to change from thick to thin and back.

Front 59

ventilatory stimulant

Back 59

a drug that acts on the respiratory center in the medulla to increase the rate and depth of ventilation.

Front 60

ventilatory drive

Back 60

the strength of the stimulus to breathe, controlled by the CNS; influences the rate and depth of breathing.

Front 61

ventilation

Back 61

the movement of gas into and out of the respiratory system.

Front 62

vasodilator

Back 62

a drug that selectively dilates blood vessels.

Front 63

v/v drug solution

Back 63

a solution represented by the volume of the liquid solute in the volume of solution.

Front 64

units

Back 64

a method of measuring a dose.

Front 65

tuberculosis (TB)

Back 65

chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Front 66

transdermal

Back 66

delivered through the skin.

Front 67

toxicology

Back 67

study of drugs as it relates to poisonings and environmental toxins.

Front 68

tolerance

Back 68

decrease in susceptibility to a drug's effect from continued use.

Front 69

thromboembolism

Back 69

(TE) a traveling thrombus that leads to obstruction and blood flow occlusion.

Front 70

therapeutics

Back 70

study of drugs used to cure, treat, or prevent disease.

Front 71

therapeutic range

Back 71

range of drug concentration in the body in which the drug produces the desired response.

Front 72

therapeutic index

Back 72

quantitative measure of a drug's safety.

Front 73

teratogenic

Back 73

having an effect on prenatal development that results in abnormal structure or function.

Front 74

synergism

Back 74

the result when two drugs are given together and their effect is greater than the effect from each given separately.

Front 75

sympathomimetic

Back 75

agent that stimulates the sympathetic system.

Front 76

sympatholytic

Back 76

agent that blocks or antagonizes the effects of the sympathetic system.

Front 77

sympathetic

Back 77

the branch of the peripheral nervous system that prepares the body for stress and emergencies (also called the "flight or fight" system).

Front 78

susceptibility test

Back 78

a laboratory microbiology test that establishes the drug sensitivity of a bacterium.

Front 79

surfactant

Back 79

complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins produced in the lung by the type II pneumocytes. It plays a crucial role in reducing alveolar surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse.

Front 80

surface tension

Back 80

force of contraction at the surface of a liquid that pulls the molecules at the surface inward and down.

Front 81

superinfection

Back 81

new infection that complicates an existing infection because of antibiotic resistance to drugs used.

Front 82

sublingual

Back 82

refers to drug absorption under the tongue

Front 83

stroke

Back 83

a sudden lose of neurologic function due to a vascular injury or blockage to blood flow within the brain.

Front 84

stomatitis

Back 84

inflammation of the mucous lining in the mouth.

Front 85

steady state

Back 85

state reached when input of the drug is equal to output of the drug over the dosing interval.

Front 86

stability

Back 86

tendency of an aerosol to remain in suspension.

Front 87

spacer

Back 87

reservoir device used with aerosol delivery devices such as MDIs to optimize aerosol drug delivery.

Front 88

somatic nervous system

Back 88

the part of the nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and therefore voluntary movement.

Front 89

solvent

Back 89

the liquid that dissolves the solute.

Front 90

solution

Back 90

a physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Front 91

solute

Back 91

a liquid or solid that is dissolved in a liquid to form a solution.

Front 92

small-volume nebulizer (SVN)

Back 92

a medicated aerosol delivery device that uses a gas-powered source to form and deliver the aerosol continuously over a period of usually 8-12 minutes.

Front 93

sinusitis

Back 93

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses.

Front 94

simple mask

Back 94

low-flow oxygen mask.

Front 95

selectivity

Back 95

extent to which a drug acts on one specific site or receptor.

Front 96

sedative

Back 96

a drug that produces sedation.

Front 97

scientific notation

Back 97

a means of representing very large or very small numbers.

Front 98

reuptake

Back 98

process wherein norepinephrine is deactivated at the sympathetic postganglionic sites.

Front 99

respiration

Back 99

process of gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 100

resistance

Back 100

degree to which a disease-causing organism remains unaffected by antibiotics.

Front 101

rescue therapy

Back 101

rapid-acting medications used to provide prompt relief of symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing in asthma.

Front 102

refractory period

Back 102

period of time before a new action potential can be initiated.

Front 103

receptor

Back 103

target for drugs to act on.

Front 104

ratio solution

Back 104

a method of expressing the strength of solution as a ratio that represents parts of solute related to parts of solution

Front 105

racemic

Back 105

refers to drugs that contain two chemical components that may have different activities.

Front 106

protein binding

Back 106

refers to sites such as albumin where the drug is connected or bound and inactive; influences drug distribution.

Front 107

prostaglandin

Back 107

one of many hormone-like substances present throughout the body.

Front 108

proportion

Back 108

a statement that compares two ratios.

Front 109

proarrhythmia

Back 109

arrhythmia induced by antiarrhythmic drugs.

Front 110

premature ventricular contraction

Back 110

(PVC) potentially serious abnormal heartbeats that originate in the ventricles.

Front 111

preload

Back 111

filling pressure of the heart during diastole.

Front 112

potentiation

Back 112

the effect of two drugs given together when one drug has no effect but increases the response of the other drug, which normally has a lesser effect.

Front 113

polycythemia

Back 113

higher-than-normal levels of hemoglobin.

Front 114

pneumonia

Back 114

inflammation of lung tissue in the alveoli and interstitial tissue.

Front 115

pharyngitis

Back 115

inflammation of the pharynx and surrounding tissue; may be bacterial or viral.

Front 116

pharmacotherapy

Back 116

application of drug therapy to disease treatment.

Front 117

pharmacology

Back 117

study of drugs and their action on the body.

Front 118

pharmacokinetics

Back 118

actions of the body on the drug.

Front 119

pharmacodynamics

Back 119

actions of the drug on the body.

Front 120

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 120

part of the nervous system comprised of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Front 121

peripheral chemoreceptors

Back 121

receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies that respond to low levels of oxygen.

Front 122

penetration

Back 122

how deep the aerosol particles travel into the respiratory system.

Front 123

peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

Back 123

measurement of maximum flow rate generated during a forced exhalation. Used to indicate the degree of air flow obstruction.

Front 124

pathogen

Back 124

disease-producing microorganism.

Front 125

parenteral route

Back 125

the route comprising routes that bypass the alimentary tract; injectable.

Front 126

parasympathomimetic

Back 126

agent that stimulates the parasympathetic system.

Front 127

parasympatholytic

Back 127

agent that blocks or antagonizes the effects of the parasympathetic system.

Front 128

parasympathetic

Back 128

branch of the peripheral nervous system that maintains normal body functions and homeostasis.

Front 129

oxygen-induced hypoventilation

Back 129

hypoventilation caused by excessive oxygen blunting the hypoxic drive in sensitive patients.

Front 130

oxygen toxicity

Back 130

serious condition that can occur if excess oxygen is delivered.

Front 131

oxygen therapy

Back 131

the delivery of oxygen for therapeutic value.

Front 132

otitis media

Back 132

middle ear inflammation that is common in children.

Front 133

opioid

Back 133

a class of drugs that mimic actions of opiates, which are drugs derived from opium.

Front 134

acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 134

the chemical neurotransmitter of skeletal muscles, the preganglionic sites of both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system, and the postganglionic sites of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 135

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Back 135

also known as cholinesterase. The enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine.

Front 136

adrenergic agents

Back 136

agents that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 137

adrenergic receptors

Back 137

receptors of the sympathetic nervous system that include alpha- and beta-receptors.

Front 138

aerosol

Back 138

suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas.

Front 139

action potential

Back 139

change in membrane voltage when the membrane is excited.

Front 140

aerobic

Back 140

refers to bacteria that need oxygen to survive.

Front 141

aerosol therapy

Back 141

delivery of aerosol particles into the respiratory system for therapeutic purposes.

Front 142

agonist

Back 142

drug that activates its receptor upon binding

Front 143

aliquot

Back 143

equally divided portions.

Front 144

analeptic

Back 144

a drug that stimulates the central nervous system.

Front 145

analgesic

Back 145

an agent that relieves pain.

Front 146

antagonist

Back 146

drug that binds to its receptor without activating it.

Front 147

anticholinergic

Back 147

agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 148

antigen

Back 148

foreign material that stimulates the immune and inflammatory response.

Front 149

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 149

the nervous system that controls the involuntary responses and is divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches.

Front 150

bactericidal

Back 150

refers to drugs that kill bacteria.

Front 151

bacteriostatic

Back 151

inhibiting of bacterial growth.

Front 152

baroreceptors

Back 152

homeostatic mechanism the body uses to maintain blood pressure.

Front 153

broad-spectrum

Back 153

antibiotic classification system based on bacteria types against which the drug is effective.

Front 154

bland aerosol therapy

Back 154

non-medicated aerosol therapy.

Front 155

bioavailability

Back 155

fraction of drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

Front 156

beta receptors

Back 156

receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system that are divided into beta1 and beta2 subcategories. Beta1-receptors are found primarily in the heart; when stimulated, they cause an increase in rate and force of contraction. Beta2-receptors are found primarily in the lungs; when stimulated, they cause bronchodilation.

Front 157

beta-agonist (β-agonist)

Back 157

a drug that combines with a β-receptor and stimulates the activity of that receptor.

Front 158

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 158

the nervous system comprised of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 159

chemical mediators

Back 159

initiators of the inflammatory process that are released in response to a stimulus.

Front 160

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Back 160

older propellant for MDIs; damage the ozone layer and are reactive in some patients, so they are currently banned.

Front 161

chemotherapy

Back 161

prevention or treatment of disease by administration of chemical substances.

Front 162

cholinergic

Back 162

referring to the parasympathetic nervous system, where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter substance at all ganglionic sites.

Front 163

corticosteroid

Back 163

any steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.

Front 164

cross-allergenicity

Back 164

drug allergy reactions with one antibiotic class that cross over and present with another antibiotic class as well.

Front 165

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Back 165

enzyme produced when (2-receptors are stimulated; it affects the activities of a variety of cells, including the relaxation of bronchial muscle.

Front 166

cyclic GMP (gAMP)

Back 166

enzyme that has the opposite effect of cyclic AMP; it causes bronchoconstriction.

Front 167

depolarizing agent

Back 167

an agent that causes skeletal muscle paralysis by persistent depolarization of the neuromuscular endplate.

Front 168

desensitization

Back 168

loss of tissue responsiveness that can occur with drug exposure

Front 169

deposition

Back 169

aerosol particles falling out or "raining out" of suspension.

Front 170

dopamine receptors

Back 170

adrenergic receptors found in renal tissue that, when stimulated, relax the renal arteries and therefore increase renal perfusion.

Front 171

dromotropic

Back 171

a drug that alters the rhythm or electrical conduction of the heart.

Front 172

dry-powder inhaler (DPI)

Back 172

medicated aerosol delivery device that delivers a powdered (solid) aerosol to the respiratory system.

Front 173

downregulation

Back 173

the long-term process of decreasing the sensitivity of β-receptors to β-agonists) because of a reduction in the number of receptors.

Front 174

efferent nerves

Back 174

nerves that carry impulse away from the brain and spinal cord. Also known as motor nerves.

Front 175

fibrinolytic

Back 175

drug used to dissolve the fibrin of an existing clot.

Front 176

first-pass effect

Back 176

elimination of drug that happens after administration but before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Front 177

free radicals

Back 177

charged particles or oxidants that are formed with excess oxygen; they can disrupt tissue function.

Front 178

ganglion

Back 178

nerve cell body outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 179

hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs)

Back 179

replacing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as metered-dose inhalant (MDI) propellants, because they do not damage the ozone layer and are not as reactive in patients.

Front 180

leukotriene

Back 180

group of biologically active compounds that regulate allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Front 181

muscarinic receptors

Back 181

receptors found at the postganglionic site of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 182

nicotinic receptors

Back 182

receptors found at the skeletal muscles in the somatic system and at all preganglionic sites in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

Front 183

norepinephrine (NE)

Back 183

the chemical neurotransmitter substance found at the postganglionic junction of the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 184

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the _______ actions of the body. The _______ is a branch of ANS.

Back 184

involuntary; parasympathetic nervous system

Front 185

Prior to surgery, the patient is given a muscle-paralyzing agent. This is done to inactivate the innervation of the _______ nervous system.

Back 185

somatic

Front 186

The autonomic nervous system consists of the:

Back 186

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Front 187

When the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated and the muscarinic receptors innervating the heart bind with acetylcholine, the heart rate will _______.

Back 187

parasympathetic; decrease

Front 188

The receptors that bind with norepinephrine are called the _______ receptors, and they include the _______

Back 188

adrenergic, alpha and beta

Front 189

Tensilon is used in the evaluation of patients with myasthenia gravis. This is because Tensilon is a(n) _______ that indirectly increases the level and effects of acetylcholine.

Back 189

cholinesterase inhibitor

Front 190

Among other effects, stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system can induce:

Back 190

Bronchoconstriction

Front 191

In the pulmonary function laboratory, methacholine is used in the bronchial challenge test because of its _______ activities.

Back 191

parasympathomimetic

Front 192

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) can be used as a _______ because it _______ the parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system.

Back 192

bronchodilator; suppresses

Front 193

Stimulation of the _______ nervous system is the basis of action for the drugs called beta-agonists.

Back 193

sympathetic

Front 194

Among other effects, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can:

Back 194

Increase the cardiac output.

Front 195

Sympathomimetics include all of the following types of drugs except:

Back 195

Beta blockers.

Front 196

For nasal congestion and swollen blood vessels in the nasal passageway, you would find a spray that has selective _______ actions

Back 196

Alpha

Front 197

Tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypertension may be treated with drugs that have _______ actions.

Back 197

sympatholytic

Front 198

The advantages of delivering medications to the lungs directly include _______ absorption and fewer _______ side effects.

Back 198

fast; systemic

Front 199

A nursing student asks you about the disadvantages of medicated aerosol therapy. You would include all of the following disadvantages except:

Back 199

Inconvenient and difficult to use.

Front 200

Aerosol particle ranging in size from _______ are ideal for medicated aerosol therapy.

Back 200

1 to 5 microns

Front 201

Mr. Fowler has thick retained secretions, and his physician asks you to recommend a mucolytic agent. You would recommend _______ and a bronchodilator to be administered via a small volume nebulizer.

Back 201

Mucomyst

Front 202

Dr. Nieman has ordered a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator for his patient. You would obtain the medications and supplies and administer the:

Back 202

Bronchodilator 30 minutes before the corticosteroid.