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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a or a with accent above
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before
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ac
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before meals
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bid
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twice a day
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c with accent mark above
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with
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cap
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capsule
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d
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day
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disp
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dispense
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gm
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gram
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gr
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grain
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gtt
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drop
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h
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hour
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hs
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at bedtime
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p with accent mark above
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after
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pc
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after meals
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po
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by mouth
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prn
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as required, if needed
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q
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every
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qid
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4 times a day
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s with accent mark above
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without
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sig
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write (label)
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ss with accent marks above
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one-half
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stat
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immediately
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tab
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tablet
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tid
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3 times a day
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ud
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as directed
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the study of drugs or chemicals used for edicinal purposes
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pharmocology
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any substance other than food used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure of a disease or for the prevention of pregnancy
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drug
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name given based upon the molecular structure if known or a code given if the chemcal structure is not known
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chemical name
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a generc name is assigned to a drug by who?
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US Adopted Name Council
ex. aspirin |
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trade name adopted by the manufacturer
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brand name
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prn
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as required, if needed
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q
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every
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qid
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4 times a day
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s with accent mark above
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without
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sig
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write (label)
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ss with accent marks above
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one-half
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stat
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immediately
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tab
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tablet
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tid
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3 times a day
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ud
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as directed
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the study of drugs or chemicals used for medicinal purposes
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pharmocology
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any substance other than food used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure of a disease or for the prevention of pregnancy
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drug
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name given based upon the molecular structure if known or a code given if the chemcal structure is not known
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chemical name
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a generc name is assigned to a drug by who?
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US Adopted Name Council
ex. aspirin |
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trade name adopted by the manufacturer
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brand name
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Reference Bible
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PDR
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Reference manuals include
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Mosbys, Saunders, PDR, Delmar and the electronic Epocrates.com
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a drug substitution where 2 different drugs meet the same chemical AND physical ex. aspirin and acetominophen
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chemically equivalent
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a drug substitution where the same concentration of therapuedic agent is produced in the blood and tissues
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biologically equivalent
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a drug substitution where 2 different formulas have the same therapeudic effect in clinical trials
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therapuedically equivalent
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this agency
- determines physical and chemical standards of a drug - quality control manufacturing plants - determines if a drug is safe and effective |
FDA
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this regulatory agency
- regulates trade practices - prohibits false advertising |
FTC
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this regulatory agency
- regulates controlled substances - in under the US Dept of Justice |
DEA
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a drug classified based on its mode of action/how does it work. their end result is the same
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Biochemical reaction
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drugs classified based on what they do within the body
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physiologic effects
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drugs classified based upon which organ system it targets
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organ system
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the drug and dose used as a standard of measure for pain. every drug is compared to this standard
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10 mg of morphine
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the AMOUNT of a drug required to produce a desired effect.
10 mg morphine = 60 mg codine |
potency
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True or false: efficacy and potency are related
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false. more drugs doesn't increase the intensity of the response-leads to adverse effects
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the maximum EFFECT of a drug regardless of the dose
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efficacy
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at least 50% of the people will die if given x amount of dose
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LD 50
LD50 |
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1. a drug that likes a particular receptor
2. binds the receptor 3. produces an effect |
Agonist
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counteracts the effect of the agonist
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Antagonist (3 types)
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competes for the SAME receptor site as the agonist, if successful it REDUCES the agonists effect
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competitive antagonist
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this antagonist can be reversed by increasing the concentration of the agonist. this antagonist by itself itself has no effect
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competitive antagonist
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this antagonist binds to a DIFFERENT receptor site but still reduces the effect of the agonist
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noncompetitive antagonist
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This antagonist reduces the maximum response of the agonist
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noncompetitive antagonist
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these 2 types of antagonist work on the same systems
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competitive and non competitive
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this antagonist has no effect on the agonist. it binds to a DIFFERENT receptor site but produces a effect OPPOSITE the agonist
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physiologic antagonist
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the time it takes for the drug to take effect
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onset
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the length of time the effect lasts
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duration
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a reaction not beneficial to the patient
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adverse reaction
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effect of the medication that may not be beneficial to the patient
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side effect
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if a patient is taking a drug how would you list it on the signficant findings chart?
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name of drug, what its taken for in (), then list any adverse reactions
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all drugs are measured and dispensed in what?
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milligrams
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1 kilo = __ pounds?
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2.2
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how many cc's in one ounce ?
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30
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how many teaspoons in one ounce?
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6; 5cc's per teasp. / 30 cc's
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how many cc's per teaspoon?
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5 cc's
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how many milligrams per gram?
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1000
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how many cc's per tablespoon?
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15; 5cc's per teasp. 3 teasp. = 1 tablespoon
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how many grains per milligram?
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65 mg
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1 cc is equivalent to 1 what?
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milligram
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a drug placed directly into the G.I tract ex. injested, sepository
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enteral
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drugs introduced by other means than the G.I tract ex. injection, topical, inhilation, transdermal
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parenteral
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passage from route of dministration into the circulation ex. predominately stomch to bloodstream
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adsorption
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pasage of drugs into various body fluid compartments like plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid
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distribution
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time it takes a drug to fall 1/2 of its blood level concentration. determines the duration of action
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half-life
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changing of a drug to allow for excretion. (biotransformation) active to inactive or inactive to active
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metabolism
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drugs can excrete in:
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kidneys, saliva, lungs, sweat, GI
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true or false: certain drugs will not cross the blood-brain barrier
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true
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desired effect of a drug
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therapeutic effect
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undesired effect of a drug
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adverse effect
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adverse effect caused by too high a dose or decreased metabolism
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toxic reaction
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adverse effect other than the desired therapeutic effect, dose related. ex. gastric upset with aspirin
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side effect
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adverse effect unique to one individual race or certain population
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idiosyncratic reaction
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adverse effect immune system mediated reaction, not dose related
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allergic reaction
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a drug or food potentiates (increases) or diminishes the action of another drug
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drug interaction
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an adverse effect of a drug causing birth defects
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teratogenic effect
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in order to be a true reaction, it has to be mediated by the __ system
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immune
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in this hypersensitivity reaction T-cells stimulated by a relatively harmless antigen attatch to a tissue cell
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Type IV
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in this hypersensitiity reaction an immediate, serious reaction in a previously sensitized patient. IgE mediated
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Type I
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hypersensitivity reaction where ab combines with ag and attatch to the surface of tissue cells. the immune system destroys the tissue
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Type II
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in this hypersensitivity reaction ab-ag trapped in blood vessel walls activates and stimulates inflamation leading to tissue destruction
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Type III
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the safetyness of a drug is determined by this. a ratio of LD50:ED50 the greater the # the safer its expected to be
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therapeutic index
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drugs thought to be therapeudically beneficial require a TI of __ or greater
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10
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this part of a prescription includes the personal info, Dr. phone #, and DOB and date of prescription
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heading
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this part of a prescription includes the prescription name ane dosage strength and form of drug
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body
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this part of a prescription includes the dr's sig, # of refills and DEA # if its a controlled substance
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closing
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what are the 3 requirements before a dentist can prescribe medication
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1. they must be licensed by state board
2. u must be a patient of record 3. legitamate dental reason for prescribing |
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schedule of controlled substance that has no therapeudic value, has the potential for abuse ex. marajuana, heroine
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schedule 1
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schedule of controlled substance with a high potntial for abuse, requires written, signed Rx NO REFILLS
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Schedule II
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Scheule of controlled substance with less abuse potential ex. valium
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schedule IV
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true or false: research institutions can obtain schedule 1 drugs
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true
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schedule of controlled substance with the least potential for abuse.
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schedule V
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a physical or mental sensation of distress or suffering usually due to an underlying etiology physical or emotional damage
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pain
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the 2 components of pain are
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1. perception of pain
2. reaction to pain (levels of threshold) |
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a pain reducing drug is called an
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analgesic
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2 types of analgesics are
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1. nonnarcotic/nonopiod = PNS
2. narcotic/opiod = CNS |
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a compound found in the bloodstream, when activated = a component of pain
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prostaglandins
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true or false: analgesics relieve the source of the pain
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false; reduce the pain being PRODUCED not the source of the pain
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true or false: non-narcotics inhibit the the making (synthess) of prostaglandins
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true; remember reduces pain being PRODUCED
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narcotics depress the CNS or PNS nd its perception of pain
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CNS
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prostaglandins irritate the nerve endings at the site of tissue damage true or false?
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true
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true or false: narcotics reduce pain reduction and block signals so pain not percieved in the brain (CNS)
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false; narcotics DO NOT stop pain production but they DO block signals from reaching the brain (CNS)
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non narcotics divided into 2 groups
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1. salicylates (aspirin based)
2. NSAID's |
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tissue damage causes the release of what 4 things?
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1. histamine
2. bradykinin 3. prostaglandins 4. seratonin |
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tissue injury results in what 4 things?
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1. vasodilation
2. pain 3. chemotaxis (attraction of neutrophils to the site) 4. edema |
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true or false: aspirin is a natural product of willow tree bark
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true
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the peak effect of aspirin occurs after hoe long on an empty stomach?
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30 minutes
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how does aspirin reduce fever?
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reduces leukocyte pyrogens
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aspirin is an:
___= reduces pain ___ = reduces body temp ___ = reduces inflammation ___ = reduces platelets |
analgesic
antipyretic anti-inflammatory anti-platelet |
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true or false: generic name always in lower case unless at the beginning of a sentence, brand name is always capital
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True
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how does aspirin decrease swelling and inflammation?
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ASA inhibits prostaglandin synthesis = decreased vasodialation and reducing inflammatory edema
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how does aspirin slow the clotting mechanism?
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inhibits prostayclin and thromboxane a and is DOSE dependant
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true or false: every drug will have adverse effects to the stomach
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true
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why does asprin cause gastric irritation?
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prostaglandin inhibtion; prostaglandin reduces gastric acid seretion and stimulates protective mucous secretion
> ACID = < MUCUS = IRRITAION |
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name adverse effects of aspirin?
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1. gastric > acid = irritation
2. large doses triggers chemorecptor in CNS 3. blood too thin to clot 4. Reyes syndrome = brain sweeling, kids/infants prone 5. stillbirths, hemmorage 6. hypersensitivity-allergic reaction 5-15% |
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what is the LD50 for aspirin?
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adults 10-30 gm
children 4 gm |
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what are some of toxic symptoms of aspirin?
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tinnitus: ear rining
headache nausea vomitting-chemoreceptors loss of vision |
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what is the drug interaction of asprin with warfarin?
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competes with aspirin for plasma proteins in the bloodstream. too much warfarin in the blood..too much bleeding
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what is the drug interaction of aspirin with probeneid?
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low doses inhibits excretion of uric acid = gout
high doses = too much uric acid |
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what is the drug reaction of aspirin and blood pressure reducing medications?
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may counteract blood pressure reducing medications
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what does the enteric coating on aspiring do?
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dissolves in the sall intestine vs the stomach
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what is the normal dose of aspirin for adults/kids
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adults 650 mg q 4 h
kids 60-80 mg per kg or 5mg pr lb |
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name some combinations used with aspirin
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1. w/another analgesic
2. w/ sedative 3. w/ buffering agents 4. w/ caffeine |
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what is the peak for NSAID's on an empty stomach
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1-2 hours
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how do NSAID's work (similar to aspirin)
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inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
used for mild to moderate dental pain |
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name some adverse reactions to NSAID's
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1. inhibits thromboxne production = prolonged bleeding while drug in system
1 day = ibuprofen, 4 days naproxen, 1 wk oxzyprozin 2. kidney failure 3. oral ulcers and xerastomia 4. longer labor-pregnancy 5. secreted in breast milk except IBUPROFEN |
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what drugs do NSAID's interact with
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1. lithium = bipolar disease
2. digoxin = used for CHF 3. cyclosporin = cause not to bind to plasma 4. antagonizes beta blockers, ACE inhibtors and diuretics |
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Brand names and dose for Ibuprofen
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Motrin,Advil more effective than ASA or ASA w/60 mg codine
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Brand names and dose for Naproxen
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Naprosyn, Alleve
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Brand name and dose for Acetaminphen
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equal to ASA without the platelet effect, no gastric bleeding and no effect on reducing inflammation
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true or false; opioids are controlled substances
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true
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true or false; opioids work at the PNS by raisn the pain thresholds
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false; CNS
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how are opiods absorbed?
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orally, transmuscosally, trandermally cn be injected by not reccommended; onset within an hour
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what is the distribution of opioids?
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bound to plasma proteins on a "first pass"
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what is the metabolism of opioids?
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conjugates with gluuronic acid in the liver; duration 4-6 hours
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the strongest opioid and standard of measure
weakest? |
morphine
codiene |
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side effects of opioids?
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1. sedation/euphoria
2. cough suppression 3. gastrointestinal muscle relaxtion |
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adverse reactions of opioids?
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1. respiratory depression
2. nausea/emesis (vommitting) 3. constipation 4. myosis (dialated pupils) 5. urinary retention 6. stimulates histamine release 7. crosses placental barrier depresses fetal respiration |
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true or false; nausea is an allergic reaction
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false
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This brand name of Hydrocodone relieves moderate pain alone or with ASA or acetominophine
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Lortab or Lorcet
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opiod that relieves moderate to severe pain alone or in combo with ASA or acetominophine
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Oxycodone
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most common opioid; questionalble efficacy usually used in combo with ASA or acetominophines
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Codeine
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This brand name of Propoxyphene has a questionable efficacy and is usually used in combo with ASA or acetominophine
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Darvon Darvocet
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Commonly abused opioid by health professional 100mg = 10 g morphine
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Meperidine
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Opioid not used in dentistry; has a high abuse potential outlawed in mahy states
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Hydromorphone
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used for withdrawl of morphine
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methadone
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This brand of Naloxne competes with opioids for receptor sites; used for overdose reversal
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Narcan
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used in opioid free addicts to maintain opioid free state
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Naltrexone
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