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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the components of a drug profile?
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names, classifications, mechanism of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, side effects, route of administration, contraindications, dosage, how supplied, special considerations
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Assay
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Test that determines the amount of purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory
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Bioequivalence
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Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs
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Bioassay
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Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model
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Teratogenic drug
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Medication that may deform or kill the fetus
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Free drug availability
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Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects
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Pharmacokinetics
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How drugs are transported into and out of the body
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Pharmacodynamics
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How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
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Active transport
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Requires the use of energy to move a substance
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Carrier-mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion
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process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane
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Passive transport
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Movement of a substance without the use of energy
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Diffusion
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movement of a solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Osmosis
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Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
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Filtration
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Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area lower pressure
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Ionize
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To become electrically charged or polar
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bioavailability
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Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
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Blood-brain barrier
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Tight junction of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass
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Placental barrier
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Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules
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Metabolism
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The body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals
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Biotransformation
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Special name given to the metabolism of drugs
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Prodrug
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Medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites
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First-pass effect
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The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
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Oxidation
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The loss of hydrogen atoms of the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecules
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Hydrolysis
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The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a dydroxyl (OH`) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other
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Enteral route
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Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
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Parenteral route
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Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues
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Receptor
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Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect
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Affinity
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Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
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Efficacy
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A drug's ability to cause the expected response
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Second messenger
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Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effects
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Down-regulation
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Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease
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Up-regulation
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A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
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Agonist
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Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Antagonist
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Drug that binds to a receptor, but does not cause it to initiate the expected response
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Agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)
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Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
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Competitive antagonism
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One drug that binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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Noncompetitive antagonism
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The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
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Irreversible antagonism
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A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.
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Drug-response relationship
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Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response
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Plasma-level profile
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Describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels
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Onset of action
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The time from administration to until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration
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Minimum effective concentration
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Minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect
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Duration of action
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Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
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Termination of action
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Time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body
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Therapeutic index
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Ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50% of the population to its effective dose for 50% of the population
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Biologic half-life
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Time the body takes to clear one half if a drug
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Autonomic ganglia
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Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
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Pre-ganglionic nerves
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Nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
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Post-ganglionic nerves
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Nerve fibers that extend from the autonimic ganglia to the target tissue
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Neuroeffector junction
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Specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
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Cholinergic
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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Adrenergic
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter nonepinephrine
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Parasypathomimetic
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Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic)
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Parasympatholytic
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Drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (anticholinergic
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SLUDGE
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Effects of cholinergic medications
Salvation,lacrimation,urination,defecation,gastric motility,emesis |
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Types of parasypathetic acetylcholine receptors
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Muscarinic, nicotinic
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Effects of atropine overdose
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Hot as hell, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter
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Sympathomimetic
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Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic)
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Sympatholytic
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Drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system (antiadrenergic)
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Alpha 1 response to stimulation and its location
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constriction-arterioles,veins
mydriasis-eye ejaculation-penis |
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Alpha 2
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Presynaptic terminals inhibition. Inhibits release of nonepinephrine from presynaptic terninal
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Beta 1 response to stimulation
and its location |
increase heart rate, conductivity, automaticity, contractility-heart
renin release-kidney |
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Beta 2 response to stimulation and its location
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bronchodilation-lungs
dilation-arterioles inhibition contractions-uterus tremors-skeletal muscle |
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Dopaminergic response to stimulation and its location
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vasodilation-kidney
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Catecholamine
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Hormone, such as nonepinephrine and epinephrine,that strongly affects the sympathetic nervous and cardiovascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature, and smooth muscle
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Common catecholamines
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epinephrine,nonepinephrine, dopamine,isoproterenol,dobutamine
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Phenylephrine- receptor
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Alpha1
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Norepinephrine
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Alpha1,alpha2,beta1
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Ephedrine
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Alpha1,alpha2,beta1,beta2
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Epinephrine
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Alpha1,alpha2,beta1,beta2
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Dobutamine
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Beta1
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Dopamine
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Beta1,dopaminergic
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Isoproterenol
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Beta1,beta2
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Terbutaline
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Beta2
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Name the 22 drugs an EMT-I either gives or needs to be familiar with
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aspirin, adenocard, cordarone, atropine sulfate, proventil, xopenex, bronkosol, alupent, terbutaline, atrovent, D50W, valium, benadryl, epinephrine 1:1,000, epinephrine 1:10,000, lasix, glucagon, xylocaine, morphine sulfate, narcan, nitrostat, pitressin
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ASPIRIN INDICATIONS
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Chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Signs and symptoms of recent ischemic stroke
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ASPIRIN CLASS
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Analgesic. Inhibitor of platelet function. Anti-inflammatory
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ASPIRIN ACTIONS
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Blocks platelet aggregation
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ASPIRIN CONTRAINDICATIONS
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Pts with known hypersensitivity to drug
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ASPIRIN PRECAUTIONS
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GI bleeding and upset stomach
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ASPIRIN SIDE EFFECTS
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Hearburn;nausea and vomiting
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ASPIRIN DOSAGE
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160 mg or 325 mog by mouth (chewed)
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ASPIRIN ONSET
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5 to 30 minutes
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ASPIRIN PEAK EFFECT
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15 minutes to 2 hours
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ASPIRIN ROUTE
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Oral
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ASPIRIN PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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NOT recommended
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ADENOCARD CLASS
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Antidysrhythmic
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ADENOCARD ACTIONS
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Slows atrioventricular conduction. Can interrupt reentrant pathways through the atrioventricular node. Slows sinoatrial node rate
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ADENOCARD INDICATIONS
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Symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (including those caused by Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)
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ADENOCARD CONTRAINDICATIONS
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Second-or third-degree heart block. Sick sinus syndrome. Known hypersensitivity to drug
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ADENOCARD PRECAUTIONS
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Arrhythmias, including blocks, are common at the time of cardioversion. Hypotension. Use caution in asthmatics
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ADENOCARD SIDE EFFECTS
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Facial flushing, headache, chest pain, SOB, dizziness, nausea, asystolic period following administration
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ADENOCARD DOSAGE
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6 mg given as a rapid IV bolus over a 1-2-second period; if, after 1 to 2 minutes, cardioversion does not occur, administer a 12 mg dose over 1 to 2 seconds. If unsuccessful, a third dose of 12 mg can be administered 1 to 2 minutes later
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ADENOCARD ONSET
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Within 20 to 30 seconds
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ADENOCARD PEAK EFFECT
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Within 20 to 30 seconds
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ADENOCARD ROUTE
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IV; Followed by flushing of the line
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ADENOCARD PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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0.1 mg/kg rapid IV push followed by saline flush. May double (0.2 mg/kg), if second dose needed. Maximim first dose: 6 mg
Maximum second dose: 12 mg Maximum single dose: 12mg |
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CORDARONE CLASS
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Antidysrhythmic
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CORDARONE ACTION
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Prolongs the duration of the action potential and refractory period. Acts on all cardiac tissues.
Blocks sympathetic stimulation |
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CORDARONE INDICATIONS
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Life-threatening ventricular and supraventricular dysrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT)
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CORDARONE CONTRAINDICATION
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Severe sinoatrial (SA) node dysfunction. Second- and third-degree AV block.
Hemodynamically significant bradycardia |
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CORDARONE PRECAUTIONS
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Heart failure
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CORDARONE SIDE EFFECTS
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Nausea, hypotension, anorexia, malaise, fatigue, tremors, pulmonary toxicity, ventricular ectopic beats
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CORDARONE DOSAGE
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Cardiac arrest from VF and VT: 300 mg.
Recurrent VF or VT: 150 mg Maximum Dose: 2.2 grams over 24 hours |
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CORDARONE ONSET
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Immediate
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CORDARONE PEAK EFFECT
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30 to 45 minutes
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CORDARONE ROUTE
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IV
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CORDARONE PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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5 mg/kg IV (maximum dose:15 mg/kg
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ATROPINE SULFATE CLASS
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Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic)
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ATROPINE SULFATE ACTIONS
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Blocks acetylcholine receptors. Increase heart rate. Decreases gastric secretions
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ATROPINE SULFATE INDICATIONS
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To increase heart rate and cardiac output in symptomatic bradycardia. Bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Antidote for organophosphate poisoning
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ATROPINE SULFATE CONTRAINDICATIONS
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None in the emergency setting
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ATROPINE SULFATE PRECAUTIONS
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Use with caution in patients with signs of myocardial ischemia
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ATROPINE SULFATE SIDE EFFECTS
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Palpitations, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, anxiety, dry mouth, pupillary dilation, blurred vision, urinary retention
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ATROPINE SULFATE DOSAGE
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Symptomatic bradycardia: 0.5 to 1.0 mg IVP (may repeat in 3 to 5 minutes to a maximum of 0.04 mg/kg)
Bradyasystolic arrest: 1.0 mg IVP (may repeat every 3 to 5 minutes to maximum of 0.04 mg/kg) Organophosphate poisoning: 2 to 5 mg IV or IM every 10 to 15 minutes |
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ATROPINE SULFATE ONSET
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30 to 90 seconds
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ATROPINE SULFATE PEAK EFFECTS
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20 to 60 minutes
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ATROPINE SULFATE ROUTE
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IV
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ATROPINE SULFATE PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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0.02 mg/kg IV (minimum dose is 0.1 mg
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PROVENTIL CLASS
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Sympathomimetic bronchodilator
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PROVENTIL ACTIONS
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Selective beta2 adrenergic agonist that causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, thus decreasing airway resistance and increasing vital capacity
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PRVENTIL INDICATIONS
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Bronchospasm associated with reversible obstructive airway disease (asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
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PROVENTIL CONTRAINDICATIONS
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Pt's with known hypersensitivity to drug
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PROVENTIL PRECAUTIONS
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Use with cautionin pt's with cardiac ischemia. Try to measure peak flow before and after treatment
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PROVENTIL SIDE EFFECTS
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Tremors, anxiety, dizziness, headache, insomnia, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension
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PROVENTIL DOSAGE
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Metered-dose inhaler: 90 mcg (two sprays). Nebulizer: 2.5 mg in 2.5 to 3.0 mL normal saline. Repeat as needed
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PROVENTIL ONSET
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5 to 15 minutes
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PROVENTIL PEAK EFFECTS
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1 to 1.5 hours
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PROVENTIL ROUTE
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Inhalation
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PROVENTIL PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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0.15 mg/kg in 2.5 to 3.0 mL normal saline via nebulizer. Repeat as needed
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XOPENEX CLASS
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Sympathomimetic bronchodilator
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XOPENEX ACTIONS
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Selective beta2 adrenergic agonist that causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle thus decreasing airway resistance and increasing vital capacity. Levalbuteral is a chemical variant of albuterol with greater affinity for the beta2 adrenergic receptors
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XOPENEX INDICATIONS
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Bonchospasm associated with reversible obstructive airway disease (asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
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XOPENEX CONTRAINDICATIONS
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Pt's with known hypersensitivity to drug
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XOPENEX PRECAUTIONS
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Use with caution in pt's with cardiac ischemia. Try to measure peak flow before and after treatment
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XOPENEX SIDE EFFECTS
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Tremors, anxiety, dizziness, headache, insomnia, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension
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XOPENEX DOSAGE
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Nebulizer: 0.63 mg in 3.0 mL normal saline every 6 to 8 hours
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XOPENEX ONSET
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5 to 15 minutes
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XOPENEX PEAK EFFECT
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1 to 1.5 hours
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XOPENEX ROUTE
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Inhalation
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XOPENEX PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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<12 years: 0.31 mg in 3.0 mL normal saline threet imes a day
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BRONKOSOL CLASS
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Sympothomimetic bronchodilator
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BRONKOSOL ACTIONS
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Selective beta2 adrenergic agonist that causes relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, thus decreasing airway resistance and increasing vital capacity
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BRONKOSOL INDICATIONS
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Bonchospasm associated with reversible obstructive airway disease (asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
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BRONKOSOL CONTRAINDICATIONS
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Pt's with known hypersensitivity to drug
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BRONKOSOL PRECAUTIONS
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Use with caution in patients with caridac ischemia. Try to measure peak flow before and after treatment
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BRONKOSOL SIDE EFFECTS
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Tremors, anxiety, dizziness, headache, insomnia, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension
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BRONKOSOL DOSAGE
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Metered-dose inhaler: 1 to 2 inhalations. Nebulizer: 0.5 mL in 2 to 3 mL of normal saline. Repeat as needed
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BRONKOSOL ONSET
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Immediate
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BRONKOSOL ONSET
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Immediate
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BRONKOSOL PEAK EFFECT
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5 to 15 minutes
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BRONKOSOL ROUTE
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Inhalation
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BRONKOSOL PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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0.01 mL/kg of 1% solution (maximum 0.5 mL) diluted in 2 to 3 mL normal saline
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ALUPENT CLASS
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Sympathomimetic bronchodilator
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ALUPENT ACTIONS
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Selective beta2 adrenergic agonist that causes relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, thus decreasing airway resistance and increasing vital capacity
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ALUPENT INDICATIONS
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Bronchospasm associated with reversible obstructive airway disease (asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
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ALUPENT CONTRAINDICATIONS
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Pt's with known hypersensitivity to drug
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ALUPENT PRECAUTIONS
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Use with caution in pt's with cardiac ischemia. Try to measure peak flow before and after treatment
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ALUPENT SIDE EFFECTS
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Tremors, anxiety, headache, dizziness, hypertension, tachycardia, insomnia, nausea, palpitations
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ALUPENT DOSAGE
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Metered-dose inhaler: 0.65 mg (2 sprays). Nebulizer: 0.2 to 0.3 mL in 2.5 to 3.0 mL normal saline
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ALUPENT ONSET
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1 minute
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ALUPENT PEAK EFFECTS
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1 hour
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ALUPENT ROUTE
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Inhalation
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ALUPENT PEDIATRIC DOSAGE
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0.1 to 0.2 mL/kg of 5% solution in 2.5 to 3.0 mL normal saline
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