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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sulfonylureas
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MOA: Causes pancreas to release insulin
SE: Sulfa allergy, hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity |
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Biguanides
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MOA: Decrease hepatic glucose production, decrease glucose absorption, increase glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles
SE: GI disturbances, metallic taste in mouth, anorexia |
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Meglitinides
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MOA: Increase insulin release from pancreas (related to sulfonylureas, shorter duration)
***If you skip a meal, skip a dose SE: Hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity, GI disturbances |
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Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
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MOA: Block action of alpha-glucasidase, delays ingestion of carbohydrates
***Take w/ first bite, skip a meal, skip a dose ***Can't step out of a low with normal table sugar SE: Hypoglycemia, flatulence, hepatotoxicity |
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Thiazolidineodiones (TZD's)
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MOA: Increase sensitivity in muscle and fat tissue to insulin, allow more glucose to enter the cells in the presence of insulin
***Do not use in patients with CHF SE: N/V, weight gain, edema, decrease in HgB, Hct, and WBC and increase in lipids, hepatotoxicity |
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Exubera
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First inhaled insulin
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Drugs to treat Gonorrhea
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ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin
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Drugs used to treat Chlamydia
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azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin
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Candida Albicans
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Diflucan (flucoanzole)
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Trichomoniasis
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Flagyl (metronidazole)
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Gardnerella
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Metrogel
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Estrogen
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MOA: Inhibits ovulation by blocking release of FSH
SE: Nausea, HA, breast tenderness, weight gain, mood changes |
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Progestin
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MOA: Inhibits ovulation by decreasing the relase of LH
SE: Irritability, depression, HA, acne, changes in weight and menstrual cycle |
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Combination pill
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Monophasic (fixed ratio estrogen:progestin for 21 d), Biphasic (fixed ratio of estrogen:progestin days 1-10 then lower progestin 11-21), Triphasic (three separate raios of estrogen:progestin for each of the three weeks)
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Minipill
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Progestin only
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Transdermal Contraceptives
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Ortho-Evra
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
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~ Check PSA levels
Symptoms ~ Problems with urination, retention, dysuria, nocturia Treatment ~ Alpha-blockers, Antiandrogen drugs (inhibits 5-alpha reductase which blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT) |
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Erectile Dysfunction
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Treatment ~ sildenafil (viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra)
***DO NOT USE WITH NITROGLYCERIN |
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Function of adrenal gland
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Medulla produces adrenalin
Cortex produces other hormones |
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Hypothalamus-pituitary axis
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Stress causes hypothalamus to release CRH. Pituitary releases ACTH. Adrenal gland releases cortisol, a stress hormone. Negative feedback loop stops hypothalamus from releasing CRH.
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Mineralocorticoids
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Impact sodium and potassium homeostasis, helps with fluid balance
Addison's disease Aldosterone Controls BP, restore electrolyte balance |
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Glucocorticoids
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Metabolized to ACTIVE metabolites
Cortisol Affects metabolism of CHO, fat, and PROT. Increases gluconeogenesis Mostly dosed as creams Treats inflammatory states, leudemia, and shock Long term use can cause osteoperosis |
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Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
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Electrolyte imbalance (increase sodium, decrease potassium)
Fluid retention (increase BP) Weight gain (moon face) Infection Behavior changes Hyperglycemia (increase gluconeogenesis) Peptic ulcer formation Musculoskeletal (osteoporosis) Visual disturbances Dermatologic Withdrawal symptoms Suppression of normal adrenal function |
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Patient teaching for corticosteriods
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Apply topicals systemically
Long-term use in kids could stunt growth Take with food Rinse mouth w/ inhaled steroids Taper dose appropriately |
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Diagnosing an infection
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Get a specimen
Culture and Sensitivity MIC - Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Gram Negative and Positive |
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Antibiotic Therapy
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Only for bacterial infections
Keep levels of drugs above MIC SE: N/V, diarrhea Toxicity - Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Blood dyscrasias Secondary infections - Thrush, Vaginitis, C. Diff, Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) Decrease effectiveness of oral contrapceptives |
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Aminoglycosides
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MOA: Inhibit protein synthesis (treat Gram neg.)
Administered primarily IV, IM SE: Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Neuromuscular blockade |
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Carbapenems
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MOA: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis (used for Gram pos. and neg.)
Administered IV or IM SE: Severe diarrhea, seizures, confusion |
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Cephalosporins
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MOA: Inhibit cell wall synthesis
1st gen - Gram pos > gram neg 2nd gen - Increased effectiveness against gram neg 3rd gen - gram neg > gram pos 4th gen - Equal effectiveness SE: Diarrhea, thrush, thrombophlebitis, cross sensitivity to penicillins |
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Macrolides
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MOA: Inhibit protein synthesis
Used for respiratory, GI, and STDs SE: N/V, diarrhea, thrombophlebitis |
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Penicillins
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MOA: Interferes with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls
Has a beta-lactam ring, some bacteria have an enzyme that can break this ring down and render penicillin ineffective Used against mostly gram pos. SE: Allergic reaction, diarrhea |
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Quinolones
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MOA: Inhibit the action of DNA gyrase which blocks the replication of bacterial DNA
SE: N/V, diarrhea, phototoxicity |
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Streptogramins
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MOA: Inhibit protein synthesis
Used for life-threatening Vancomycin-Resistant Entrococcus Faecium (VRE) Administered IV SE: Thrombophlebitis, Arthralgia, myalgia, hepatoxicity |
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Hypothyroidism
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Bradycardia, increased weight, sluggishness, decreased appetite, cold intolerance, susceptible to infections
Mysedema (hypothryoidism that occurs during adult life) Cretinism (Child born with hypothryoidism) |
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Hyperthyroidism
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Tachycardia, decreased weight, increased appetite, insomnia, moist/warm/flushed skin, amenorrhea
Grave's disease, goiter, thyrotoxicosis |
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Thyroid replacements
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MOA: Replace deficient T3 and T4
Levothyroxine, Liothyronine, Liotrix, Thyroid USP |
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Antithyroid medicines
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MOA: Radioactive medicines destroy hormone-making abillities, some medicines block synthesis of T3 and T4
Iodine-131, propylthiouracil, methimazole |
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Tetracyclines
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MOA: Inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria
SE: Allergies to "cycline", excreted in breast milk, stains teeth yellow, PHOTOSENSITIVITY |
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Antituburcular agents
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MOA: Inhibits tuberculosis bacterial growth by altering RNA synthesis and phosphate metabolism
SE: N/V, anorexia, abdominal cramps, red-green color blindness, |
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Antifungals
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MOA: Alters cell membranes of fungi
SE: Nephrotoxicity, eletrolyte imbalance, fever, chills, HA, N/V, thrombophlebitis |
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Antivirals
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MOA: Inhibit viral cell replication
Used in HIV/AIDS treatments |
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Urine characteristics
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Smokey/reddish/brown - blood
White/cloudy - infection Dark yellow/amber - jaundice Green, deep yellow/brown - biliary disease Foul smell - infection Sweet/fruity - starvation/diabetes Foamy/frothy - protein Glucose - major infection/diabetes pH - <4.5 - metabolic acidosis >8.0 - Bacteriuria RBC > 3 - occult bleeding WBC > 5 - infection Specific grav - high=dehydration low=fluid accumulation |
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Fosfomycin antibiotics
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MOA: Inhibiting cell wall synthesis and reducing adherence of bacteria to urinary walls
SE: Perineal burning, dysuria |
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Quinolone antibiotics
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MOA: Inhibit DNA gyrase enzymes needed for DNA replication
SE: N/V, visual disturbances, flatulence, photosensitivity |
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Bladder-active drugs
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MOA: Causes contraction of the detrusor muscles, stimulate gastric motility, increase gastric tone, and restore impaired rhythmic peristalsis
SE: N/V, sweating, colicky pain, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, belching, involuntary defecation |
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Osmotic agents
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MOA: Reduce intraocular pressure by elevating osmostic pressure of the plasma, causing fluid from the extravascular spaces to be drawn into the blood
SE: thirst, nausea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, HA, circulatory overload |
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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
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MOA: Inhibits carbonic anhydrase which decreases the production of aqeous humor, thus lowering IOP
SE: Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, dermatologic, hematologic, and neurologica reactions |
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Cholinergic agents
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MOA: Contracts iris and ciliary body musculature to increase outflow of aqueous humor
SE: Conjunnctival irritation, systemic side effects, erythema, HA |
