Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pharmacist
licensed pro prepares,dispenses**** drugs prescribed by health care provider knows drugs/interactions prevent harmful combos |
specialize in units of measurement from ounces/liters/grams/kilograms equations/equivalencies
|
|
|
pharmacology discovery/development new meds prevents premature death improve quality life
|
pharmacology experimental science develop new drugs studying action biologically-active compounds on body/how body acts on them
|
|
|
greek word drug pharmakon study of action of drugs on living systems-human/animal
pharmacist=one qualified prepare/dispense drugs |
drug=therapeutic effects everyday substances caffeine nicotine alcohol food additives chemicals in cosmetics
|
|
|
drug chemical effects on living organism drug=active ingredient delivered tabs injections inhalers
|
active ingredients mixed nonactive compounds make drug easier to take/water soluble
|
|
|
drug administered=active ingredient absorbed in blood stream carries active molecules around body
|
aspirin=active ingredient deposited tiny quantities sites effect blocking pain bring down temp/fever/inflammation
|
|
|
injection=delivers active ingredients in bloodstream rapid action needed general anesthetic
|
inhalers=asthma sufferers active drug packaged in small vaporizer delivers fine powders breathe into lungs acts immediately on obstructed tubes
|
|
|
once drug done its job body rids drugs converting into biologically inactive molecurles excreted by kidneys
|
drug activity=substances contain clusters of atoms molecules home in on specific target
|
|
|
target could be infectious bacterial
antibiotics or tumors with anti-cancer drugs have molecules on outside of their cells called receptors |
drug molecule attracted to receptors attaches to them drug attacks invasive organism sitting on its cell surface interfering with function changing natural activity of receptor
|
|
|
penicillin attaches to targets prevents from forming protective cell wall once exposed bacteria collapses
|
ancient cultures used medicinal hervs minerals compounds extracted from animals for healing purposes
|
|
|
bark of willow tree source of aspirindried leaves of foxglove source of digitalis codeine from opium poppy morphine too
|
contraceptive from tropical climbing plant yam anticancer drug from periwinkle bark of Pacific yew tree Cyclosporins prevent transplant patients rejecting grafted organs from fungi
|
|
|
drugs from microbes in soil Streptomyces bacteria over 500 antibiotics 50 everyday use
|
sea natural drugs sponges corals mussel treatment for arthritis Conus snails venoms toxins cellular functions
|
|
|
scropions snakes south american frogs venoms processes of body ideas for new drugs
|
magic bullets chemicals in lab home in on precisely identified targets from infectious virus-blocked artery
|
|
|
genetics individual molecules molecular biology computer pharmacologist with chemist create new compounds try on computer
|
designer molecules speed up process only work on computer pursued in practice
|
|
|
learn from drug manufacturing ability of human body itself brain produces endorphins pain killers endorphin+inbuilt morphine non addictive
|
endorphins regulate appetite controlling mood = better pain relievers anti-anxiety drugs compounds prevent over/under eating
|
|
|
pharmacologist pursue from bassic research id targets to testing in animals and man to regulaltory filing medical info
|
12 years filing new drug patent to launch major new drug total cost up to 200 million
|
|
|
8000 compounds discovered investigated only one reaches marketplace once compound identified development phase lasting 6-7 years begins
|
effect of compound meassured on cells in test tubes (in vitro)animal studies (in vivo) taken clinical trials human volunteers carried out
|
|
|
preliminary confirmation effects of meds indicate administration potential med studied in patients with disease
|
confirms activity find dosage more trials by hospitals many countries 1000's patients establish efficacy safety of product
|
|
|
registration with regulatory authorites begin before license sell product mass of data required
|
improve quality of life prevent disease massive scale meds added3-5 years to average life expectancy
|
|
|
antibiotics/vaccines saved millions anesthetics muscle relaxants immunosuppressant compounds new surgery
|
malaria 300-500 million people each year kill 3 million people
|
|
|
Nurses responibility for drug control/administration registered staff nurses LPNs control of narcotic key
|
ALGES/O PAIN
BRONCH/O AIRWAY COAGUL/O CLOTTING FUNG/O FUNGUS |
|
|
IMMUN/O IMMUNE
LIP/O FAT |
PHARMAC/O DRUGS
SUB- UNDER |
|
|
PHARMACODYNAMICS
study of way drugs act on cells*** specific cells target cells*** to cause thrapeutic response |
drugs also reach/impose actions on other cells nontargeted cells sometimes good/no consequence/undesireable debilitating
|
|
|
these other actions side effects if weak/inconsequential
adverse reactions effects if undesirable severe |
toxicity
severe undesirable response directly related to amount of drug administered correct amounts therapeutic desirable beneficial |
|
|
pharmacokinetics
study how body manipulates drug |
pharmacodynamics
study how drug manipulates body cells |
|
|
pharmacokinetics*** movement of drug through body/how to get rid of drug/how does med get to infection site
|
4 processes of pharmacokinetics
absorption distribution metabolism excretion**** |
|
|
variables influence absorption distribution metabolism excretion of drug age size*** wellness state
|
drug may be absorbed/circulated/store itself in fat more quickly in one than another
|
|
|
patients's ability to detoxify a drug and get it out of system is dependent on
|
state of liver and kidneys
|
|
|
FDA Food Drug Administration regulates quality purtiy potency effectiveness saftey labeling packaging of food drug cosmetic products
|
DEA Drug Enforcement Administration monitors manufacture distribution dispensing of controlled substances
|
|
|
Controlled Substances Act
controlled substances or schedule drugs |
Shedule I Not considered to be legitimate for medical use in US
LSD heroin marijuana**** |
|
|
Schedule II: Acccepted medical use but high potential for abuse
**** morphine coccaine Demerol |
Schedule III
Stimulants Depressants Narcotic Drugs Anabolic steroids Hallucinogenic substances benzphetamine amobarbital LSD |
|
|
Schedule IV
Less potential for abuse/addiction Librium Valium Darvon**** |
Class V
small potential for abuse or addiction Robitussin A-C Donnagel**** |
|
|
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
analgesics*** relieve pain antipyretics reduce fever anti-inflammatories**** reduce inflammatiton of tissues |
ansesthetics*** to numb/desensitize
antifungal*** inhibit growth fungi antibiotics*** control infection-causing microorganisms |
|
|
antiemetics*** relieve nausea/vomiting
anihistamines opposes action of histamine |
antihypertensives controls high blood pressure
antitussives controls coughing |
|
|
calcium channel blocker**** treats hypertension angina abnormal heart rhythms
|
diuretics**** increases urine output
hypnotics**** induces sleep dulls senses |
|
|
laxatives**** promotes emptying bowel contents
muscle relaxant relieves muscle tension |
sedatives provide relaxing effect
vitamins used as dietary supplements |
|
|
METHODS OF INTAKE
ORAL****** tablet enteric-coated tablet capsule timed-realease capsule lozenge troche suspension emulsion elixir syrup solution |
Rectal*****
suppository enema solution |
|
|
injectable******
solution powder mixed with diluting solution intravenous IV push IV infusion IV piggyback intramuscular subcuaneous intradermal epidermal |
Topical******
cream/ointment liniment dermal patch ENT drops eye ointment vaginal creams |
|
|
douche solution buccal tablet sublingual tablet
|
INHALED****
spray or mist gas |
|
|
4 NAMES APPLY TO VARIOUS TITLES OF DRUGS
Generic common name or general name assigned to drug never capitalized |
Trade name
copyrighted name pharmaceutical company markets drugs always capitalized |
|
|
Chemical name
exact molecular formula of drug |
Official name
drug as it appears in official references usually same as generic name |
|
|
brand name drugs more expensive advertising/research promotong trade name
|
ingrediants usually exactly same
compare prices OTC generic/brand name |
|
|
Contraindictions*****
list of conditions for which drug should not be given |
Indications*****
list of conditions for which drug meant to be used |
|
|
generics trascribed in lower case
|
many drugs sound alike have different meanings
dosages sound alike 50 15 never guess consult reference book/site |
|
|
Interactions
list of other drugs/foods may alter effect of drug or should not be taken while drug being used |
Side Effects Adverse Reactions
list of unpleasant or dangerous effects of drug |
|
|
Terms****
actions description of cellular changes occur as result of using drug |
Cautions****
list of conditions types of patients warrant closer observation for side effects |
|
|
DOSAGE AMOUNT OF DRUG GIVEN FOR PARTICULAR DESIRED EFFECT
|
Minimum dose*****
smallest amount possible achieve desired results |
|
|
Maximum dose ****
largest amount possible to achieve diesired results without producing symptoms of toxicity |
Loading dose*****
initial high dose used to quickly elevate the level in blood often followed by a series of lower maintenance doses |
|
|
Maintenance dose****
dose required to keep blood level at steady state in order to achieve desired result |
Toxic dose***
amnout of drug that will cause harmful side effect |
|
|
Lethal dose ****
amount of drug that will cause death |
Therapeutic dose****
dose ccustomarily given prescribed according to body weight |
|
|
PHARMACOLOGY ABREVIATIONS (different font do not use)
a.c. before meals ad lib as desired a.m. morning |
AQ aq. water
b.i.d. twice a day cc (mL) cubic centimeter DPT !!!!! (spell) diphtheria pertussus tetanus vaccine |
|
|
H2O water
h.s. at bedtime IU !!!!! (spell) internataional units |
MAOI monozmine oxidase inhibitor anitdepressant drug
n.p.o. nothing by mouth NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
O.D. (no) right eye
OTC over the counter O.S. left eye O.U. Each eye |
p. after
p.c. after meals p.o. by mouth PDR Physicians Desk Reference |
|
|
p.m. afternoon
p.r.n. as needed q. every q.a.m. every morning |
q.d.!!!!! (spell) every day
qh. every hour q.h.s. spell at bedtime/nightly |
|
|
q.i.d. four times a day
q.o.d. spell every other day q.p.m. every evening q.4h. every four hours |
q.8h. every eight hours
rx treatment/prescription/prescribe |
|
|
sig. write on label
sol. solution stat immediately t.i.d. three times a day |
V.O. verbal order
w with x times/multiplied by |
|
|
DRUG FORMS
cap capsule elix elixir qtt drop |
sol solution
supp suppository susp suspension tab tablet |
|
|
tinct. tincture
ung, oint. ointment |
ROUTES
ID intradermal IM intramuscular IV intravenous |
|
|
IVPB intravenous piggyback
PO p.o. oral R rectal SC subcu subq spell! subcutaneous |
sl sublingual
T topical |
|
|
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS
C Celsius dL deciliter dr dram |
g gram
gr grain gtt drop F Fahrenheit |
|
|
ft feet
h hr hour kg kilogram L liter |
m min minim drop
mcg microgram mEq milliequivalent mg milligram |
|
|
mg/dl milligram per deciliter
mill million mL milliliter |
mm millimeter
mmol millimole oz ounce pt pint |
|
|
tsp t teaspoon
T tablespoon |
qt quart
|
