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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 ion channels
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1. Voltage gated, 2. ligand gated(inotropic), 3. membrne delimited metabotropic ion channel, 4. difusible second messenger metabotropic ion channel
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What receptor is an example of ligand-gated receptor/ion channel?
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GABA -> allows Cl- thru -> inside becomes more negative
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What are the drugs that acts on the GABA receptor?
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1. Benzodiazepines, 2. flumazenil, 3. zolpidem, 4. barbiturates
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What antagonist is used against sodium channels
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Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish) - blocks Na+ channels
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What antagonist is used against nicotinic Ach receptor
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Alpha-bungarotoxin (marine snake) - blocks Nicotinic -Ach receptor
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What antagonist is used against the GABAa receptor?
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Picrotoxin (south pacific plant) - blocks GABAa receptor
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What antagonist is used agaisnt the glycine recepotr?
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Strychnine(indian plant) - lbocks glycine receptor
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What is the most prominent NT in the brain?
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glutamate
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Where do ligands come from?
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synapses
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What is the process of ligand release in the synapse?
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1. Movement down the axon, 2. synthesis, 3. storage, 4. metabolism, 5. release, 6. uptake, 7. degredation, 8 receptor, 9. ionic conductanse,
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EPSP
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Used to excite the cell
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Cell body I CNS
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Nucleus
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Cell body outside CNS
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Ganglia
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Axoaxonic interaction
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Excitatory -> inhibitory -> excitatory
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Feed-forward
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Excitatory -> inhibitory -> excitatory
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Recurrent collateral neuron
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Inhibiting self by self excitement(negative feed back)
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What are the nuclei producing Norepinephrine?
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Locus coeruleus
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What are the projection sites for norepinephrine?
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Hypothalamaus(paraventricular), cortex, subiculum, olfactory bulb, thalamus, amygdala, midbrain central gray
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How is epinephrine(catecholamines) made?
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Tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine
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What is the MOA of cocaine?
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Norepinephrine reuptake transporter BLOCKER
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What is the MOA of Desipramine, maprotiline, protryptiline?
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Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)
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What is the MOA of rauwolfia alkaloids?
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Reseripne - release NE by disrupting synaptic vesicle transporter
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What is the MOA of Guanethedine?
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Used in hypertension -> inhibits release of Norepinephrine from nerve endings. Is taken up into sympathetic nerves by NE transporters
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What happens to the normal concentration of dopamine with chronic cocaine use?
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Depletion of Dopamine made in the pre-synapse
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What are the dopamine pathways?
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1. Nigrostriatal, 2. mesolimbic, 3. tuberoinfundibular
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What are the nuclei producing doapamine?
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Ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, tuberoinfundibular, lateral tegmental area, dorsal raphe, olfactory bulb
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What are the projection dopamine pathways
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1. Tuberoinfundibular -> neurohypophysis + median eminence, 2. substantia nigra -> caudate/putamen, 3. VTA + substantia nigra to the nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic pathway)
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What is the drug sinemet used for?
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L-dopa(precursor) + carbidopa -> makes more dopamine
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What receptor does anti-psychotics work on?
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DA2 receptor
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What drugs work on DA2 receptor
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Anti-psychotics - spiroperidol, pimozide, haloperidol, phenothiazines
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What drug stimulants release dopamine?
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Amphetamine + methamphetamine
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What are the nuclei producing serotonin
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Raphe magnus, dosal raphe, pontine raphe, central supeiro, parabrachialis
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What are the projection sites for serotonin
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Hypothalamus, subiculum, olfactor bulb, thalamus, basal ganglia
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What drugs are serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, trazodone, imipramine
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What is the MOA of GABA stimulation?
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Stimulation of GABA receptors mostly hyperpolarizes cell -> depressant
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What durgs stimulate GABA?
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Barbiturates + benzodiazepines(valium, librium)
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