Pharmacology 2011 - Fluid Therapy And Nsaids (Test 3)

Front 1

What alterations in patients are common to treat with fluids?

Back 1

1. Dehydration
2. Hypovolemia
3. Electrolyte imbalances (Na, K, Cl, Ca)
4. Acid-Base imbalances
5. Hypoproteinemia

Front 2

What are the theurapeutic goals when giving fluids?

Back 2

1. Replace intravascular volume thus increasing tissue perfusion

2. Replace interstitial volume thus correcting dehydration

3. Meet maintenance needs

4. Replace ongoing losses

Front 3

How do you calculate replacement fluids?

Back 3

%dehydrated x BW

Front 4

How do you calculate maintenance fluids?

Back 4

30 x kg + 70

** 40-60 ml/kg/day

Front 5

What were the 4 types of fluids discussed in class?

Back 5

1. Colloids
2. Crystalloids
3. Blood products
4. Parenteral nutrition

Front 6

Which fluids have Ca++?

Back 6

Any with LRS, Plasma-Lyte M w/ 5% dextrose

Front 7

Which fluids have Mg++?

Back 7

* Norm-R

* Plasma-lyte A

* Norm-M

* Plasma-lyte M

Front 8

What are alkalinizing fluids?

Back 8

Presence of more acetate, lactate or gluconate

Front 9

Which fluids are hypertonic?

Back 9

* Norm-M w/5% dextrose

* Plasma-lyte M w/5% dextrose

* Additives – 50% dextrose, 7.5% saline, NaHCO3, KCl

Front 10

What concentration of dextrose is isotonic?

Back 10

About 5%

Front 11

What are replacement fluids?

Back 11

A crystalloid fluid which resembles plasma

* Have greater Na+ than maintenance fluids

* Generally isotonic

Front 12

How much replacement fluid is remaining in the IV space after an hour?

Back 12

20-25% remains in IV space after 1 hr

Front 13

What are the 2 categories of replacement fluids?

Back 13

1. Acidifying (ex: Ringer’s, .9% saline, LRS)

2. Alkalinizing: (ex: Norm-R, Plasma-Lyte)

Front 14

What is the pH of an acidifying fluid?

Back 14

pH 5.4 or below

Front 15

What is the pH of an alkalinizing fluid?

Back 15

pH 6.6 or above

Front 16

What are maintenace fluids?

Back 16

Fluids with similar solutes to extracellular fluid

* Generally isotonic

Front 17

How much maintenance fluid remains in the IV space after an hour?

Back 17

Greater than 10% in IV space after 1 hour

Front 18

What makes a fluid a colloid?

Back 18

Contain high molecular weight compounds that stay in IV space

Front 19

What are some examples of colloid fluids?

Back 19

Plasma, Human serum albumin, Hetastarch, Dextrans, Modified gelatins

Front 20

What is a colloid?

Back 20

* A suspension of large particles dispersed in another substance-Increase oncotic pressure

* Used to help maintain the distribution of water b/w plasma and ISF

Front 21

What is a crystalloid?

Back 21

* A substance that in solution can pass through a semipermeable membrane


* Fluids that closely resemble ECF (isotonic, high in Na, low in K)

* May be acidifying or alkalinizing

Front 22

What is an oxygen carrier?

Back 22

Replaces RBC’s in anemic animals

Front 23

What type of fluid is normal saline and ringers?

Back 23

Acidifying crysalloid

Front 24

What type of fluids are Lactated Ringer’s, Normosol-R, and Plasma-Lyte A?

Back 24

alkalinizing crysalloid

Front 25

2 types of colloids?

Back 25

Natural and synthetic

Front 26

4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Back 26

1. Heat
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain

Front 27

What is the precursor of the eicosanoid group of mediators?

Back 27

Arachidonic Acid

Front 28

What is COX-1?

Back 28

* A membrane-bound enzyme present in the ER

* Cyclizes AA to form PGG2 and then to PGH2

* Produces Thromboxane

Front 29

MOA of NSAIDs

Back 29

Inhibition of COX enzymes

Front 30

What are some common uses of NSAIDs?

Back 30

1. Acute pain and inflammation
2. Chronic pain
3. Fever
4. Antihemostatic actions
5. Endotoxemia

Front 31

What NSAID is contraindicated in cats due to lack of glucuronyl transferase?

Back 31

Acetaminophen

Front 32

What species is asprin used in?

Back 32

Canine, equine, feline

Front 33

In what species does Asprin have GI adverse effects?

Back 33

GI adverse effects in Dogs

Front 34

Is Asprin COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 34

Cox 1 Selective

Front 35

What species is Carprofen used in?

Back 35

Canine, Avian

Front 36

Is Carprofen COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 36

Cox-2 selective

Front 37

What species is Deracoxib used in?

Back 37

Canine

Front 38

Is Deracoxib COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 38

COX2 selective

Front 39

What species is Diclofenacused in?

Back 39

Equine, Porcine

Front 40

Is Diclofenac COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 40

COX1 and COX2 equally

Front 41

What species is Firocoxib used in?

Back 41

Canine, Equine, exotic

Front 42

Is Firocoxib COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 42

COX 2 only

Front 43

What species is Flunixin used in?

Back 43

Bovine, Canine, Equine, Caprine, Ovine, Exotic

Front 44

Is Flunixin COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 44

COX 1

Front 45

What species is Flurbiprofen used in?

Back 45

Avain, Canine, Equine, Feline, Exotic

Front 46

Is COX 1 or 2 Ketoprofen selective?

Back 46

COX 1

Front 47

What species is used Ketoprofen in?

Back 47

Equine

Front 48

Is Meloxicam COX 1 or 2 selective?

Back 48

COX 2

Front 49

What species is Meloxicam used in?

Back 49

Avain, Canine, Feline, Porcine, Exotic

Front 50

What is the Black Box Warning associated with Meloxicam?

Back 50

Black Box Warning: Kidney failure w/ one dose in cats

Front 51

What adverse effect does Ibuprofen cause in dogs?

Back 51

GI adverse effects in Dogs

Front 52

What adverse effect does Ibuprofen cause in ferrets?

Back 52

GI toxicity and neurotoxicity in ferrets

Front 53

only NSAID with food animal label

Back 53

Flunixin

Front 54

NSAID that is illegal in dairy cattle 20 months of age and older

Back 54

Phenylbutazone

Front 55

What are the Selective COX-1 Inhibitors (4)?

Back 55

o Aspirin – not approved in animals, but still marketed
o Ketoprofen
o Peroxicam
o Phenylbutazone

Front 56

What are the Selective COX-2 Inhibitors (2)?

Back 56

o Deracoxib
o Firocoxib – highly selective!

Front 57

1st NSAID approved for dogs

Back 57

Carprofen

Front 58

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -ac? Examples?

Back 58

* anti-inflammatory, acetic acid derivative

Ex: Diclofenac and Etodolac

Front 59

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -butazone? Examples?

Back 59

* anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone type

Ex: Phenylbutazone

Front 60

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -coxib? Examples?

Back 60

•Selective COX-2 Inhibitors

EX: Deracoxib and
Firocoxib (highly selective)

Front 61

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -fenamic? Examples?

Back 61

* anti-inflammatory agents, anthranilic acid derivative

Ex: tolfenamic acid

Front 62

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -icam? Examples?

Back 62

* anti-inflammatory agents, isoxicam type

* EX: Meloxicam and Piroxicam

Front 63

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -metacin? Examples?

Back 63

* anti-inflammatory agents, indomethacin type

* EX: indomethacin

Front 64

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -nixin? Examples?

Back 64

* anti-inflammatory agents, anilinonicontinic acid derivative

* EX: Flunixin

Front 65

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem endinging -profen? Examples?

Back 65

* anti-inflammatory analgesics, ibuprofen type

* EX: Carprofen and Ketoprofen

Front 66

What is the definition of an
NSAID drug with the stem begining -sal? Examples?

Back 66

* anti-inflammatory agents, salicylic acid derivative

* EX: Asprin (acetyl
salicylic acid)

Front 67

What NSAIDs have NO effect on COX-2?

Back 67

Asprin and Phenylbutazone