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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MOA of Phenothiazines
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Inhibit central dopaminergic receptors (D2)
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2 Phenothiazines
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1. Acepromazine
2. Chlorpromazine |
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Pharmacodynamic Effects of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine)
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* Sedates via depression of brian stem,
* Decrease spontaneous motor activity, * Arousal is easily achieved, * Peripheral vasodilation, Arterial hypotension, Bradycardia, muscle relaxant |
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MOA of Phenothiazines
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Inhibit central dopaminergic receptors (D2)
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Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine) in horses can cause what?
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Penile Prolapse
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2 Phenothiazines
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1. Acepromazine
2. Chlorpromazine |
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Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine) in boxers can cause what?
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May have and exaggerated response
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Pharmacodynamic Effects of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine)
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* Sedates via depression of brian stem,
* Decrease spontaneous motor activity, * Arousal is easily achieved, * Peripheral vasodilation, Arterial hypotension, Bradycardia, muscle relaxant |
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Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine) in pigs can prevent what?
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Prevents malignant hyperthermia
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Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine) in horses can cause what?
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Penile Prolapse
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Contraindications associated with Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine)
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* Dehydrated, hypovolemic, bleeding, or shock patients
* Patients with coagulopathies or thrombocytopenia * Boxers, Brachiocephalic Dogs, Breeding Stallions, Debilitated Animals |
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Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine) in boxers can cause what?
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May have and exaggerated response
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Use of Acepromazine
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Sedation
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Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine) in pigs can prevent what?
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Prevents malignant hyperthermia
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Use of Chlorpromazine
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Anti-emetic
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Contraindications associated with Use of Phenothiazines (Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine)
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* Dehydrated, hypovolemic, bleeding, or shock patients
* Patients with coagulopathies or thrombocytopenia * Boxers, Brachiocephalic Dogs, Breeding Stallions, Debilitated Animals |
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Use of Chlorpromazine in horses can cause what?
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Ataxia, Altered Mentation
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Use of Acepromazine
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Sedation
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Use of Chlorpromazine
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Anti-emetic
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Use of Chlorpromazine in horses can cause what?
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Ataxia, Altered Mentation
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MOA of propofol
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* Decreases GABA disassociation from receptors
* Inhibits post-synaptic neurons |
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Physiological Effects of propofol
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* CNS depression
* Decreases intracranial and/or Intraocular pressure * Anticonvulsant * Systemic hypotension * Apnea * Muscle relaxation NOT ANALGESIC |
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Adverse Effects/Contraindications of propofol
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Increased wound infection, pain on injection
Propofol Syndrome: Acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure |
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MOA of Etomidate (Injectable Anesthetic)
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GABA Agonist
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Physiological Effects of Etomidate (Injectable Anesthetic)
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* CNS Depression
* Hypnosis * Decreased Intracranial and Intraocular pressure * Maintains Cardiac function * Minimal respiratory effects * Decreases cortisol production ** Does not relax muscles, NOT AN ANALGESIC** |
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Adverse Effects/Contraindications of Etomidate (Injectable Anesthetic)
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Adrenocortical Suppression, Myoclonus, Pain with Injection, Intravascular hemolysis
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MOA of Guaifenesin (Injectable Anesthetic)
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Unknown - Blocks nerve impulse transmission
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Physiological Effects of Guaifenesin (Injectable Anesthetic)
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* Muscle relaxant
* Transient decrease in arterial blood pressure * Maintenance of cardiac function * Increased respiratory rate |
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Adverse Effects/Contraindications of Guaifenesin (Injectable Anesthetic)
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* RBC hemolysis
* Avoid use with Physostigmine |
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MOA of Griseofulvin (anti-fungal)
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-Energy dependent uptake makes it selective for fungal cells
-Disrupts the mitotic spindle by interacting with polymerized microtubules -Curling Phenomena |
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Adverse Effects of Griseofulvin (anti-fungal)
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Cats: leukopenia, anemia, increased hepatic enzyme activity, neurotoxicosis, do not use in pregnant cats
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Drug class of Amphotericin B (anti-fungal)
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Drug Class: Polyenes
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MOA of Amphotericin B (anti-fungal)
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- Binds ergosterol in fungal plasma membrane
-Increases permeability and causes cell death due to leakage |
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Adverse Effects of Amphotericin B (anti-fungal)
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-Nephrotoxic: direct damage by binding to cholesterol in tubules
-Renal vasoconstriction -Increased BUN, creatine -Phlebitis, fever, nausea, vomiting |
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What azoles are used as anti-fungals
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Imidazoles:Clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole
Triazoles: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole |
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MOA of azoles as anti-fungals
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-Inhibit ergosterol synthesis for the fungal cell wall
-Inhibits Cytochrome P450 (fungal and mammalian) |
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Adverse Effects of azoles as anti-fungals
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-Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, hepatotoxicosis, increased liver enzymes
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Drug class of Terbinafine (anti-fungal)
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Allylamines
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MOA of Terbinafine (anti-fungal)
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-Inhibits squalene epoxidase to decrease the synthesis of ergosterol
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Adverse effects of Terbinafine (anti-fungal)
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-Increased ALT and ALP enzymes, Facial dermatitis and pruritus (cats)
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Drug class of Lufenuron (anti-fungal)
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Antimetabolites
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MOA of Lufenuron (anti-fungal)
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Inhibits chitin synthesis
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Adverse Effects of Lufenuron (anti-fungal)
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-Vomiting, lethargy, pruritus, diarrhea, dyspnea, anorexia, reddened skin
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MOA of Flucytosine (anti-fungal)
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-Uptake into cell is governed by cytosine permeate
-Must be converted to active from in fungal cell by cytosine deaminase -Disrupts either protein or DNA synthesis |
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What is Flucytosine (anti-fungal) used for?
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Candida or Crytpococcus with the use of Amphotericin B
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Adverse Effects of Flucytosine (anti-fungal)
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-Toxic to cats
-GI upset, bone marrow depression, rash, increased hepatic enzymes |
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What species should Flucytosine (anti-fungal) not be used in?
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-Toxic to cats
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2 iodides used as anti-fungals
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Sodium Iodide, Potassium Iodide
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MOA of iodides as anti-fungals
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-Unknown
-May increase host’s immune response or aid in elimination of the fungus through skin or hair |
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Adverse effects of iodides as anti-fungals
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-Lacrimation, salivation, coughing, anorexia, dry scaly skin, tachycardia, abortion, infertility
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6 topical anti-fungals
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* Clotrimazole
* Miconazole * Naftifine * Enilconazole * Natamycin * Nystatin |
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Virus Acyclovir is used to treat
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Herpes virus
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Virus Amantadine is used to treat
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Influenza virus, NMDA antagonists, may be adjunct analgesic
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Virus Interferon-alpha is used to treat
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FIV, FeLV
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Virus Lysine is used to treat
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Herpes virus in cats
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Virus Oseltamivir is used to treat
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Influenza virus
* Banned in poultry* |
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Virus Zidovudine is used to treat
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FIV, FeLV
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Anti-Protozoals: 5 Nitroimidazoles
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1. Metronidazole
2. Tinidazole 3. Ronidazole 4. Dimetridazole 5. Benznidazole |
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Anti-Protozoals: 3 Benzimidazoles
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1. Albendazole
2. Fenebendazole 3. Febantel |
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Anti-Protozoals: 1 Nitrofuran
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Nifurtimox
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Anti-Protozoals: 3 Tetracyclines
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1. Oxytetracycline
2. Chlortetracycline 3. Doxycycline |
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Anti-Protozoals: 2 Hydroxyquinolones
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1. Decoquinate
2. Atovaquone |
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Anti-Protozoals: 1 Thiamine Analog
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Amprolium
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Anti-Protozoals: 1 Alkaloid
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Halofuginone
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Anti-Protozoals: 2 Polyether Ionophores
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1. Lasalocid
2. Monensin |
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Anti-Protozoals: 3 Triazene Derivatives
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1. Diclazuril
2. Toltrazuril 3. Ponazuril |
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Anti-Protozoals: 3 Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor
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1. Trimethoprim
2. Ormetoprim 3. Pyrimethamine |
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Anti-Protozoals: 2 Lincosamides
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1. Clindamycin
2. Lincomycin |
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Anti-Protozoals:1 Azalide
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Azithromycin
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Anti-Protozoals: 1 Nitrothiazole Derivative
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Nitazoxanide
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MOA of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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Alters protein synthesis by targeting the 30S portion of bacterial ribosomes
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Bacterial Targets of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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* Gram + aerobes (except Strep.)
* Gram - Respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Gram - enterobacteriaceae * Gram - psuedomonas |
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Absorption of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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Poor oral, rapid/complete IM/SQ
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Distrubution of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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Extracellular, especially inner and renal cortex
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Metabolism/Elimination of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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Kidney
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Adverse Effects of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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* Ototoxicity
* Nephrotoxicity * Avoid in Cats |
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Contraindications of Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
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NSAID Use
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8 Aminoglycosides
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1. Amikacin
2. Dihydrostrptomycin 3. Gentamicin 4. Neomycin 5. Streptomycin 6. Apramycin 7. Spectinomycin 8. Tobramycin |
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Aminoglycosides = TANG
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Tobramycin
Amikacin Neomycin Gentamicin |
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3 types of beta Lactams
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1.Penicillins
2.Cephalosporins 3.Carbepenems |
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MOA of beta Lactams
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Bacterial Targets: penicillins
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* Aerobes
* Obligate anaerobes * Gram - obligate anaerobes * Respiratory (fastidious) pathogens (variable susceptibility) |
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Metabolism/Elimination: penicillins
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Kidney
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Adverse Effects: penicillins
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* Hypersensitivity
* Disruption of normal GI flora * Excitement/Seizures |
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2 penicillins
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Penicillin G
Penicillin V |
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Absorption rate of penicillins
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Na or K: highest
Procaine: middle Benzathine: lowest |
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Half life of penicillins
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Half life:
Na or K: shortest Procaine: middle Benzathine: longest |
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MOA of aminopenicillins
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Bacterial Targets: of aminopenicillins
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* Gram +
* Gram - (fastidious, anaerobes) * Spirochetes |
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Contraindications: Aminopenicillins
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Oral administration Rabbits and Horses = colitis
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3 Aminopenicillins
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1.Amoxicillin
2.Ampicillin 3.Hetacillin |
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Bacterial Targets: Amoxicillin and Clavulanate
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram + obligate anaerobes * Gram - respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Gram - obligate anaerobes * Bacterial Target with variable susceptibility: Gram - enterobacteriaceae |
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MOA of Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillin
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Bacterial Targets: Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillin
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Gram + aerobes
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5 Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
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1. Oxacillin
2. Methicillin 3. Cloxacillin 4. Dicloxacillin 5. Nafcillin |
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MOA of Antipseudomonal Penicillins
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Bacterial Targets: Antipseudomonal Penicillins
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Pseudomonas
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3 Antipseudomonal Penicillins
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1. Carbenicillin
2. Piperacillin 3. Ticarcillin |
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MOA of Beta-Lactamase Resistant Penicillin
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Only Beta-Lactamase Resistant Penicillin drug
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Temocillin
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MOA of Antipseudomonal Penicillins
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Bacterial Targets: Antipseudomonal Penicillins
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Pseudomonas
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3 Antipseudomonal Penicillins
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1. Carbenicillin
2. Piperacillin 3. Ticarcillin |
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MOA of Beta-Lactamase Resistant Penicillin
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Affects cell wall integrity
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Only Beta-Lactamase Resistant Penicillin drug
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Temocillin
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MOA of Cephalosporins
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Alters Cell Wall integrity
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Adverse Reactions: Cephalosporins
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* Hypersensitivity
* GI upset * Anemia * Thrombocytopenia * Bleeding disorders * Glycosuria * Phlebitis |
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First-generation Cephalosporins naming rules
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* 1All the names of first-generation cephalosporins begin with "ceph"
** Cefadroxil and cefazolin are first-generation cephalosporins (violating rule) |
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Third-generation Cephalosporins naming rules
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* All the names of third-generation cephalosporins end either in "-ime" or in "-one".
** Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin (violating rule) |
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Second-generation Cephalosporins naming rules
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* All the names of cephalosporins which do not satisfy conditions 1 and 2 are names of second-generation cephalosporins.
** Ceftiofur just does its own thing -- it's like a 3.5th-generation cephalosporin (violating rule) |
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Main difference between the generations of cephalosporins
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First generation – best Gram (+) spectrum
Second generation – medium of both Third generation – best Gram (-) spectrum |
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What makes up group 1 Cephalosporins?
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1st Generation (Parenteral)
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Bacterial Targets: group 1 Cephalosporins?
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Gram + aerobes, Gram + obligate anaerobes
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3 drugs that make up group 1 Cephalosporins?
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1. Cephalothin
2. Cefazolin 3. Cephapirin |
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What makes up group 2 Cephalosporins?
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1st Generation (Oral)
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Bacterial Targets: group 2 Cephalosporins?
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Gram + aerobes, Gram + obligate anaerobes
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2 drugs that make up group 2 Cephalosporins?
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1. Cefadroxil
2. Cephalexin |
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What makes up group 3 Cephalosporins?
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2nd Generation
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Bacterial Targets: group 3 Cephalosporins?
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* Gram + Obligate anaerobes
* Gram - enterobacteriaceae * Gram - obligate anaerobes * Bacterial Targets with variable susceptibility: Gram + aerobes |
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3 drugs that make up group 3 Cephalosporins?
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1. Cefotetan
2. Cefoxitin 3. Cefuroxime |
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What makes up group 4 Cephalosporins?
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3rd Generation (Parenteral)
** Most likely to penetrate CNS |
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Bacterial Targets: group 4 Cephalosporins?
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* Gram + aerobes (except Staph. aureus)
* Gram + obligate anaerobes * Gram - Respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Gram - enterobacteriaceae Bacterial Targets with variable susceptibility: Gram - psuedomonas, Gram - obligate anaerobes |
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5 drugs that make up group 4 Cephalosporins
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1. Cefotaxime
2. Ceftizoxime 3 Ceftriaxone 4. Ceftiofur 5. Cefovecin |
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What makes up group 5 Cephalosporins?
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3rd Generation (Oral)
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Bacterial Targets: group 5 Cephalosporins?
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* Gram + aerobes (except Staph. aureus)
* Gram + obligate anaerobes * Gram - Respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Gram - enterobacteriaceae Bacteria Targets with variable susceptibility: Gram - obligate anaerobes |
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2 drugs that make up group 5 Cephalosporins
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1. Cefixime
2. Cefpodoxime |
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What makes up group 6 Cephalosporins?
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3rd generation (Parenteral)
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Bacterial Targets: group 6 Cephalosporins?
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Gram - Psuedomonas
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1 drug that make up group 6 Cephalosporins
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Ceftazidime
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What makes up group 7 Cephalosporins?
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4th Generation
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Bacterial Targets: group 7 Cephalosporins?
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Gram - Psuedomonas
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2 drugs that make up group 7 Cephalosporins?
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1. Cefepime
2. Cefquinome |
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What type of beta lactam is -only used for high resistance organisms?
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Carbepenems
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Adverse Effects:Carbepenems
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seizures, nephrotoxic, hair loss at site of administration
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3 Carbepenems
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1. Imipenem
2. Meropenem 3. Ertapenem |
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MOA of Diaminopyrimidines
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Inhibition of enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis which alters purine synthesis
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1 Diaminopyrimidine drug
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Trimethoprim
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MOA of Phenicols
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Alters Protein Synthesis by targeting the 50S portion of the bacterial ribosome
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Bacterial Targets: Phenicols
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram - Respiratory (fastidious) pathogens |
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2 phenicols
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* Chloramphenicol
* Florfenicol |
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Bacterial Targets: Chloramphenicol
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram + obligate anaerobes * Gram - Respiratory(fastidious) * Gram - enterobacteriaceae * Gram - psuedomonas * Gram - Obligate anaerobes pathogens |
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Metabolism/Elimination: Chloramphenicol
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Liver
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Adverse Effects: Chloramphenicol
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* Bone marrow suppression
* Aplastic anemia (humans only, cause of food animal ban, wear gloves when administering) |
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Contraindications: Chloramphenicol
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Cats (glucoronidase), Phenobarbital use
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Can florfenicol be used in food animals?
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Yes
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Adverse Effects: Florfenicol
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Bone marrow suppression (rare)
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MOA of Fluoroquinolones
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Alters DNA Synthesis by inhibiting enzymes involved in supercoiling
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Bacterial Targets: Fluoroquinolones
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* Gram + Aerobes (except some Strep.)
* Gram - Respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Gram - enterobacteriaceae * Gram - psuedomonas, other gram - bacteria * Mycoplasma |
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Adverse Effects: Fluoroquinolones
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* GI upset
* Reddening of the skin (dogs) * Toxic to developing cartilage (Avoid in pregnant/growing animals, foals) * CNS excitement (high doses) * Blindness (retinal, cats, avoid use) * Arthropathy (growing dogs) |
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Metabolism/Elimination: Fluoroquinolones
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Liver/Kidney
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6 Fluoroquinolones
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1. Ciprofloxacin
2. Danofloxacin 3. Difloxacin 4. Enrofloxacin 5. Marbofloxacin 6. Orbifloxacin |
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MOA of Lincosamides
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Alters Protein Synthesis by targeting the 50S portion of the bacterial ribosome
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Bacterial Targets: Lincosamides
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram + obligate anaerobes * Gram - obligate anaerobes Bacterial Targets with variable susceptibility: Mycoplasma |
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Adverse Effects: Lincosamides
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* Vomiting
* Loose stools * Risk of overgrowth of Clostridium in hind-gut fermenters (Avoid use in horses, rabbits) * Enterocolitis (horse, rabbit) * Ketosis * Hypersensitive * Irregular behavior |
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Metabolism/Elimination: Lincosamides
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Liver
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3 Lincosamides
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1. Lincomycin
2. Clindamycin 3. Pirlimycin |
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MOA of Macrolides
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Alters Protein Synthesis by targeting the 50S portion of the bacterial ribosome
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Bacterial Targets: Macrolides
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram + anaerobes * Gram - respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Other gram - bacteria * Spirochetes Bacterial Targets with variable susceptibility: gram - obligate anaerobes, mycoplasma |
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Adverse Effects: Macrolides
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Vomiting, Diarrhea, Hepatotoxicity
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Metabolism/Elimination: Macrolides
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Liver
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6 macrolides
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1. Azithromycin
2. Clarithromycin 3. Erythromycin 4. Tilmicosin 5. Tulathromycin 6. Tylosin |
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Adverse effects: Azithromycin
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Adverse Effects: Vomiting (dogs), Diarrhea (horses)
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Adverse effects: Erythromycin
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Adverse Effects: Vomiting (dogs), Diarrhea (horses), Hyperthermia (foals)
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Adverse effects: Tilmicosin
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Adverse Effects: Cardiotoxicity (Can be fatal)
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MOA of Sulfonamides
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Inhibition of enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis which alters purine synthesis
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Adverse Effects:Sulfonamides
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* Crystalluria
* Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) * Hypersensitivity * Hepatic Necrosis * Hypoprothrombinemia * Blood dyscrasias * Thyroid Metabolism Disorders * Skin Reactions * Diarrhea (Horses), Carcinogenesis |
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Bacterial Targets: Sulfonamides
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram - respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Gram - enterobacteriaceae * other gram - bacteria |
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MOA of Tetracyclines
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Alters Protein Synthesis by targeting the 30S portion of the bacterial ribosome
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Bacterial Targets: Tetracyclines
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* Gram + aerobes
* Gram - respiratory (fastidious) pathogens * Spirochetes * Mycoplasma Bacterial Targets with variable susceptibility: Gram + obligate anaerobes, Gram - enterobacteriaceae, gram - obligate anaerobes |
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Adverse Reactions: Tetracyclines
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* Changes in GI Flora (horse)
* Discolors teeth and bones in young animals * Renal tubular necrosis (ruminants) * Hepatic disease * Hypersensitivity (cats, avoid use) * Hypotension (IV administration) |
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Metabolism/Elimination: Tetracyclines
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GI and Kidney
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Doxycycline can cause what in cats?
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-Can cause esophageal lesion in cats
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What can occur with IV Administration
Oxytetracycline? |
-Can cause cardiovascular collapse with IV Administration
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MOA of Glycopeptides
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Alters cell wall integrity
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Bacterial Targets: Glycopeptides
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gram + aerobes, gram + anaerobes
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Glycopeptide drug
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vancomycin
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Adverse effects: Glycopeptide
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Kidney injury, ototoxicity, Tachycardia (IV
administration) |
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antibiotics that are restricted in food animals
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"Many Compounds Violate Savory Foods"
Metronidazole Chloramphenicol - never Vancomycin Sulfanomides - not in dairy cattle (some exceptions) Fluoroquinolones - only as labeled |
