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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are characteristics of benign tumors? (6)
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low mitotic index
do not metastasize slow growth rate encapsulated not invasive well differentiated |
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What are characteristics of malignant tumors? (6)
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grow rapidly
not encasulated invasive poorly differentiated high mitotic index (most cells in Go state and continually activated) can metastasize |
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what is terminology for benign?
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ending in "oma"
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what is the terminology for malignant?
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ending in "carcinoma"
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What are carcinomas?
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malignant tumors of epithelial cells
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what are sarcomas?
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malignant tumors of connective tissue
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what are lymphomas?
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tumors of lymphoid tissue
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what are lipomas?
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tumors of fat cells
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what are gliomas
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tumors of glilal cells
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what are leiomyomas?
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tumors of muscles
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what are chondromas?
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tumor of bones
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what are leukemias?
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tumor of blood forming cells
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what is carcinoma in situ (cis)?
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malignant preinvasive tumor of the epihelial cells that has not passed the basment membrane or the stroma
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what is dysplasia?
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one or two layers of cells w/ single mutation
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in situ neoplasm
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more than 1 mutations, non invasive and benign
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neoplasm
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3-4 mutations, and invasive
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what is hepatocelluar adenoma?
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benign tumor in liver
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what is transformation?
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when normal cells turn into cancer
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what is anaplasia?
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loss of cellular differentiation
irregularities of the size and shape of nucleus loss of normal tissue structure |
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what is pleomorphic?
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able to assume different forms
1 or to different forms during cell cycle |
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what is Basal cell carcinoma?
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locally invasive and rarely forms metastases
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what is melanoma?
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malignant tumor of skin that usually forms metastasis; the behavior of melanoma usually follows the behavior patters of pigment cell precursers.
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what are properties of cancerous cells?
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disregards signals regulating cell proliferation
don't undergo apoptosis circumvent programmed limitations to proliferation; escaping replicative sensces and differenctiation genetically unstable escape from their home tissues (invasive) survive and proliferate in foreign sites (metastasize) |
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what are some characteristics of uncontrolled proliferation?
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changes in growth factors and or receptors
changes in cell signaling pathways particularly those involved in regulation of cell telomerase expression angiogenesis |
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how do cancer stem cells divide?
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assymetrically
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what is the new theory regarding cancer stem cells?
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that chemotherapy drugs may kill some of the tumer cells but can not get rid of the cancer stem cells so the tumor constantly grows, then recedes, and back again
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What are tumor markers?
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substances produced in elevated or smaller amounts by cancer cells
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tumor marker
what is alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) |
hepatic germ cell
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tumor marker
prostate specific antigen (PSA) |
prostate
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Catecholamines
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pheochromocytoma (adrenal medulla)
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carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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pancreas, GI, lung, breast
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B-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG)
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germ cell
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Urinary Bence-Jones Protein
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multiple melenoma
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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pituitary adenomas
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What are some examples of mutated genes that lead to cancer?
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secretion of growth factors (autocrine stimulation)
increase in the number of growth factors signal from cell surface receptor is mutated in on position mutation in ras (big in colonic cancer) inavtivation of Rb tumor supressor activation of protein kinase that drives cell cycle mutation in p53 (angiogenesis decreases p53 and and invites tumor growth) |
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what is oncogenesis?
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process of normal cells (prot-oncogens) to cancerous cells (oncogenes)
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what are tummor supressor genes?
two examples |
genes that stop tumor growth
p53 and PTEN |
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what is angiogenses?
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growth of new blood vessels
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T/F inflammation is important for cancer survival?
expain your answer |
T
because cytokeins are released from inflamatory cells which cause free radicals and leads to mutation promotion and decreased response to damaged DNA |
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Inflammatory conditions associated w/ neoplasms
asbestosis, silicosis skin inflamation reflux esophagitis bronchitis cystis, bladder inflammation inflammatory bowl disease, chronic ulcerative colitis |
mesothelioma; lung carcinoma
melanoma esophageal carcinoma lung carcinoma bladder carcinoma colorectal carcinoma |
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viruses and cancer
Hep B and C Epstein Bar virus (EBV) HPV |
hepatocellular carcinoma
burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cervical cancer |
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what is one bacterial cause of cancer? Explain.
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Helobacter pylori
peptic ulcer disease stomach carcinoma mucosa associated lymphomas |
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The effect of tobacco causing cancer?
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multipotent carinogenic mixture
lead to cancer of lung, lower urinary tract, kidney, pancrease, cervix, myeloid leukemia |
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UV radiation and how it causes cancer?
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causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
from UVA and UVB rays promotes skin inflammation and free radicals |
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Invasion characteristics of local spread
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mitotic growth must out pace cell death
mechanical pressure release lytic enzmes decreased cell adhesion migration (invasion) |
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what are the lytic enzymes?
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type IV collagenase
serine proteases cathepsin B cathepsin D cystein protease urokinase type plasminogen activator |
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when these cells are defective 1, 2, 3 then tumor cell adhesion decreases.
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E-cadherin
integrins fibronectin |
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increased motility could lead to intraverstation and extraversation. They are?
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cancer cells secreted through vascular wall into circulation
cancercells secreted through vascular wall into secondary organ |
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what is the three step theory of invasion?
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binding of tumor cell via fibrinoectin and laminin
degredation of matrix by enzymes (lysis of basement membrane) motility into matrix (invadopodia or pseudopodia) |
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Why do tumor cells require angiogenesis?
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angiogenesis increases valscularity which inturn increases the amount of nutrients available for the tumor to consume triggering a short growth spurt
tumor cells may then secrete GF to stimulate greater angiogenesis the increase in vascularity also raises the likely hood of cancer cell penetration into blood vessels and or release into lymph or blood circ. |
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what is organ tropism?
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this is when a metastasized cell attaches to only a specific organ according to GFs, hormones, receptors, chemokines, etc.
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What are the 4 stages of cancer?
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1 - cancer confined to organ of origin
2 - locally invasive 3 - reginally invasive 4 - distally invasive |
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what is cachexia?
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most severe form of malnutrition
anorexia - early sateity - weight loss |
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what is anemia?
mechanism? |
low hemoglobbin conc.
chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency caused by malnutrition, medical therapies, malignancy in blood forming organs |
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what are leukopenia and thrombocytopenia?
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direct tumor invasion to bone marrow causes both
chemotherapy drugs toxic to bone marrow infection increases when absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte count falls |
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what is paraneoplastic syndrome?
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these are symptoms not explained by the cancer or by the effects of released hormones and GFs
can be first symptom of cancer |
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what does chemotherapy treatment do? and what are the goals of chemotherapy?
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nonselective cytoxic drugs to target cellular machinery or metabolic pathways used in both normal and malignant cell growth
the goal is to eliminate enough of the tumor to allow body to take over degeneration of the rest |
