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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drug has no effect on giardia?
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Ivermectin
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Which flea product doesn't kill adult fleas?
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Luferon
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What is ractopamine?
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A repartitioning agent makes leaner carcasses, increases muscle, decreases fat
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What drug do you use to treat feline conjunctivitis causes by chlamydia?
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Terramycon (oxytetracycline and polymixin B
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What antifungal is often used orally for horses with opthalmic fungal infections?
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Fluconazole
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In what order should you give topical opthalmic drops?
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Drop to oil to ointment (wait 5 minutes in between drops)
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What kind of sandwich is the cornea?
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Fat-water-fat
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When do you give retrobulbar opthalmic meds?
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For anaesthesia in large animals
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When would you give introocular injections?
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Rarely, but in the case of bacterial and fungal infections, or as a diagnostic tool in the vitreous chamber
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When do you give systemic drugs for opthalmic problems?
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To treat the retina, optic nerve, vitreous and eyelid diseases
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What are ketamine and tiletamine?
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NMDA receptor antagonists (non-competitive) dissociative anaesthetics
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Which ion triggers cell signal transduction for long term potentiation?
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Calcium
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What does a humectant do?
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Binds and holds water in the stratum corneum
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What is pramoxine?
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Can be used as a topical anaesthetic
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What are the receptors for norepinephrine?
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alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2 beta 3
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Name an alpha 2 agonist
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xylazine
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Name an alpha 2 antagonist
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atipemazole
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What does MAO inhibitor l-deprenyl do?
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It stops the breakdown of norepinephrine
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What is clomipramine?
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A tricyclic antidepressant. Blocks the uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
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WHAT IS AN OPIATE ANd a tricyclic antidepressant?
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Tramadol
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What would you use a tricyclic anti-depressant for in a dog?
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anxiety, lick granulomas, stereotypical behavior
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What would you use a tricyclic anti-depressant for in a cat?
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Urine spraying, aggression, excessive vocalization, excessive grooming
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What is apomorphine?
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An emetic. It works on the dopamine receptor
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What are two anti-emetics?
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Metaclopramide and phenothiazines
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What can you treat with dopaminergic drugs?
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Cognitive dysfunction, pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
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What are two phenothiazine neuraleptics?
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Ace promazine and chlorpromazine
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Whaere do phenothiazine neuroleptics work?
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On D1 and D2 receptors. (D1 are at renal afferent tubules)
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What are the non-neuroleptic effects of phenothiazines?
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non-specific alpha antagonists, so they produce hypotension; anti-muscarinics so they reduce secretions and reduce emesis; anti-calmodulins so they reduce secretions again
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What are the neuroleptic effects of phenothiazines?
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behavioral quieting, suppress spontaneous movement, decrease interest in environment. Blunt normal and abnormal behavior.
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What are phenothiazines NOT for?
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Anesthesia- wake easily when catecholemines are stimulated. Anxiety- not for long term use.
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What is L-deprenyl used to treat?
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Cognitive disfunction and sleep disorders in older dogs
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What is the worry with L-deprenyl?
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Serious drug interactions with tri-cyclic antidepressants and SSRIs
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What is the dietary precursor to serotonin?
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tryptophan
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How long does it take for SSRIs to reach steady state? Why?
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4-6 weeks. As you increase serotonin it overwhelms the autoreceptors, which then desensitize. This means the autoreceptors don't know how much serotonin is in the cleft and allow more to be released?
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What are SSRIs used for?
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Anxiety and depression, panic, obsession compulsion, aggression.
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What drug is a partial serotonin agonist and is used for urine spraying and phobias?
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Azapirone
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What do benzodiazepines work on?
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GABA receptors
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What do benzodiazepines do to the GABA receptors?
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Increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening so inhibits nerve cell discharge (hyperpolarizes)
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What do barbiturates do?
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Bind to GABA receptors and prolong the duration of the Cl-channel opening. Inhibits nerve cell discharge (hyperpolarizes)
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What is an inverse GABA agonist?
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It binds to the GABA receptor but makes it less likely for GABA to bind, then the channel is less likely to open.
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What are teh four anxiolytic drug classes?
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Benzodiazepines (GABA agonists), Barbiturates (GABA agonists), Azapirones (Serotonin agonist), Antihistamines (H1 agonists)
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What is glycine?
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An inhibitory transmitter mainly in spinal cord
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What are two bad glycine antagonists?
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Strychnine and tetanus toxin
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Where do ketamine and PCP work?
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NMDA (glutamate receptor)
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What do ketamine and PCP do to the NMDA receptor?
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Make it less receptive to glutamate, so they act as anti-excitatory. Anaesthetic and analgesic. "Dissociative"
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What are other possible roles for NMDA receptor antagonists?
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Epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic brain damage
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What is pilocarpine?
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A parasympathomimetic MIOTIC. Use for glaucoma. Don't use with uveitis
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What is carbacol?
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MIOTIC. Use after cataract surgery to prevent post-op pressure spikes
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What is physostigmine?
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MIOTIC. Use for glaucoma and lens luzation
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What are xalatan/travatan?
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Prostaglandin f 2 alpha analogs. To increase outflow. For glaucoma
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What is atropine for?
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Mydriatic, and cycloplegic
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What animals shouldn't get atropine?
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Very young animals.Can damage developing drainage angle
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What is tropicamide?
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Mydriatic, weak cycloplegic
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what do you use epinephrine for opthomalogically?
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Glaucoma to increase outflow and decrease aqueous production. Topical vasoconstriction
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What do alpha 2 agonists and beta blockers both do opthomalogically?
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Increase outflow and decrease aqueous production.
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What antibiotic is broad spectrum, great penetration but causes bone marrow suppression in man?
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Chloramphenicol
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What is neomycin good for?
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Conjunctivitis
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What is gentamicin good for? bad for?
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Good for pseudomonas. Bad for kidneys.
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What is tobramycin good for?
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Gentamicin-resistant pseudomonas, melting ulcers due to those pseudomonases
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What are tetracyclines good for?
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Chlamydia and mycoplasma
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When do you use flouroquinolones?
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For melting ulcers that don't respond to other therapy
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What is bad about baytril?
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Can cause retinal degeneration in cats
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What is pimaricin?
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Only approved topical antifungal
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What is voriconazole?
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Anti-fungal of choice for subpalpebral lavage
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When do you use itraconazole and amphotericin B?
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for fungal endopthalmitis in small animals
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What do corticosteroids do in eyes that is bad?
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Increase corneal collagenase so slow healing
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Which corticosteroids have good corneal penetration?
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prednisolone and dexamethasone
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What are triamcinolone, betamethasone and methylprednisolone?
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Subconjunctival steroids
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What is cosopt?
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A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor plus beta blocker. For glaucoma
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What are cyclosporin and tacrolimus?
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Lacrimogenics (make tears)
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What are acetyl cysteine and autogenous serum for?
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To decrease collagenase in eye and increase healing
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Which anthelmintic is non-toxic for turtles?
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milbemycin
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What is moxidectin good for?
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Encysted small strongyles
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Why is eprinomectin good?
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Zero withdrawal time for meat and milk
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What do macrolides (ivermectin) kill?
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nematodes and arthropods
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How do bezimidazoles work?
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Disrupt microtubules
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What is drontal, what does it kill?
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Pyrantel and praziquantel. Kills Hooks, rounds and all tapeworms
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What is drontal plus? What does it kill?
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Pyrantel, praziquantel and fenbental. Kills hooks, rounds, all tapeworms and whipworms!
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What are the tradenames of fenbendazole?
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Safeguard and panacur
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What does fenbendazole kill?
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nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and giardia, but NOT THE FLEA TAPEWORM
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What is oxibendazole good for?
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benzimidazole-resistant encysted small strongyles
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What are trade names of pyrantel?
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Nemex, strongid and banmith
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What is pyrantel for?
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Safe for puppies. Kills roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms at high doses
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What is piperazine for?
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It's a safe cheap roundworm killer
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What is dichlorvos?
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It kills whipworms in swine. Rounds, hooks and whips in dogs and cats
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What is praziquantel for?
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Tapeworms in dogs and cats. (Droncit)
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What are arsenicals for?
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Killing adult heartworms
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What is melarsomine?
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Drug of choice for heartworm. Kills in stages.
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What is clorsulon?
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For fasciola hepatica in cattle
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What is the drug of choice for all tapeworms?
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praziquantel (droncit)
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Which drug kills whipworms in pigs?
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Fenbendazole (safeguard)
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Which heartworm preventative kills whipworms in dogs also?
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Interceptor
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What three drugs kill giardia?
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Fenbendazole, albendazole, drontal plus
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What three drug classes reduce the production of aqueous humor?
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alpha agonists, beta blockers and epinephrine
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How many epidermal layers do human, dog and cat skin have?
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10-15, 3-5, 3-5
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What is the turnover time of human skin vs cat and dog?
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28 versus 22 days
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What is the pH of human, dog and cat skin?
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Human: 5.5, cat: 6-7, dog, 7.5
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What do emollients do?
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Stop evaporation of water from the surface of skin (glycerol esters, lanolin, oils, fatty alcohols)
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What do keratoplastic agents do?
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slows rate of mitosis so there's a longer turnover time
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What hormones are in growth promotants?
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estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, zeronol, melengestrol acetate
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What do these growth promotants do: synovex c, calf-oid, synovex H, compudose and synovex plus?
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Impact reproduction
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What is an ionophore?
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A carrier in a lipid membrane that allows specific ions to move across the membrane
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What do the ionophores do physically?
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alter vfa production, decrease methane production, decrease ruminal protein degradation, decreased feed intake but minimal effect on rate of gain
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What are the benefits of ionophores?
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enhance feed efficiency, increase rate of gain, control coccidia, reduce clinical disease
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What do ionophores shift the VFAs to?
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acetic acid 70%, proprionate 20%, butyric acid 10% May cause butterfat suspension
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How do ionophores prevent grain engorgement?
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inhibit lactate producing bacteria, spare lactate fermenting bacteria
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What do ionophores do to enhance protein utilization?
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Lss ruminal protozoa, decreased cellulytic bacteria so more dietary protein to abomasum
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What do ionophores do to flies?
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Decrease them cause the poo has lower pH.
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What do ionophores do with reproduction?
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Increase ovary site and number of ovulation sites
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How does ionophore toxicity show up?
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As altered muscle membrane permeability, muscle weakness, tremors, reluctance to stand, death to horses.
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