Pharmacology

Front 1

A,D,M,E

Stands for what in Pharmokinetics?

Back 1

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Front 2

Define Pharmokinetics

Back 2

Movement of drugs through the body including the process, absorption, distribution metabolism and elemination.

Quantitative, time dependent changes of both plasma drug concentration and the total amount of drug in the body following administration.

Front 3

Define Excretion

In what ways can a drub be excreted?

Back 3

Elimination of medication from the body through....

Renal (Kidney), Deification, Perspiration, respiration, lactation and lacrimation

Front 4

Define Absorption

Back 4

Transfer of drug from its site of administration to the blood stream.

Front 5

Define Pharmacodynamics

Back 5

The study of uptake movement, binding and interactions of pharmacologically active molecules at their tissue sites of action.

Biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of their actions. Including correlation of their actions and effects with their chemical structure.

Front 6

Define Metabolism

Back 6

Process by which the body chemically alters drugs through enzymatic action. (biotransformation)

Front 7

Define Distribution

Back 7

Process by which a drug reversibly leaves the blood stream and enter the intestitum. (extracellular fluid)

Front 8

Define Ionized

Back 8

Charged

Has + or -

ig: K+

Front 9

Define Unionized

Back 9

Not Charged

No + or -

ig: K

Front 10

Define Pharmacology

Back 10

Science concerning with drugs, their sources, appearances, chemistry action and uses.

Front 11

Define
Pharmacodynamics

Back 11

The study of the physiological effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action on the body.

Front 12

Define
Therapeutic Dose

Back 12

The amount of medication required to produce the desired effect.

Front 13

Define
Half Life

Back 13

Duration of action of drug is known as its half life. It is the period of time required foe the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half.

Front 14

Define
Maximum Effective Dose

Back 14

Largest dose which is able to give with safety

Front 15

Define
Minimum Effective Dose

Back 15

The smallest dose that will produce an appreciable effect.

Front 16

Define
Passive Diffusion

Back 16

Passage of electrolytes to all arts of a solution, including through a permeable membrane.

Absorption process that occures
in the body when carbohydrates are more highly concentrated in the intestine that in the blood. Plays apart in intestinal absorption.

Front 17

Define
Active Transport Mechanism

Back 17

Movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes and epithelial layers, AGAINST a concentration gradient with the use of metabolic energy. It requires ATP for metabolic energy.

Front 18

What is the chemical nature of a drug?

Back 18

Lipid Soluble
or
Water Soluble

Front 19

Define
Facilitated Diffusion

Back 19

Otherwise known as Passive Transport.

Mechanisms in which a carrier mechanism involving portent and active transport which provides energy from the breakdown of high energy phosphate bonds.

Front 20

What is the mode of transportation across a membrane?

Back 20

Lipid soluble drugs needs Lipid Transporter at the blood level. It can't dissolve in water.

Front 21

Lipid Soluble drugs need?

Back 21

Lipid transporter

Front 22

Water Soluble drugs can be dissolved in?

Back 22

Blood

Front 23

Are water soluble drugs safer drugs?

Back 23

Yes

Front 24

Define
Unbound Drugs

Back 24

Pharmacology ACTIVE drug that can cross the membrane. The drug is not bound to to a carrier proven or molecule.

Front 25

Define
Therapeutic Index

Back 25

Ratio of toxic dose to the effective dose.

(TI) = Toxic dose / Effective Dose

You look for a Narrow Therapeutic Index

Front 26

Lipid Soluble drugs need what to work?..

Back 26

Lipid Transporters

Front 27

Are Lipid Soluble drugs More Toxic to the body?

Back 27

YES

Front 28

Can Lipid Soluble drugs dissolve in blood?

Back 28

NO

But they can pass through the cell membrane.

Front 29

Acidic Drugs are?

Back 29

Ionized

Front 30

Alkaline Drugs are?

Back 30

NOT Ionized

Front 31

Define
Efficacy

Back 31

Measure of how well a drug produces a response.

Front 32

Define
Potency

Back 32

A measure of the activity of a drug in a biological system.

Shows relative doses of two or more agonist to produce the same magnitude of effect.

Front 33

Define
Antagonist

Back 33

A drug is called an Antagonist when binding to the receptor is NOT associated with a response. The drug has a effect only by preventing an agonist from binding to the recpetor.

Front 34

Define
Agonist

Back 34

A drug is called agonist when binding to the rector results in a response.

Front 35

Define
Zero Order Elimination Rate

Back 35

A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time.

*Drugs with zero order elimination have NO fixed half life.

4hr. 4hr 4hr 4hr.
80mg --70mg--60mg--50mg--40mg

Front 36

Define
First Order Elimination Rate

Back 36

A constant faction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time. (t1/2)

* Directly proportional to plasma level. Most common elimination of drug which has a rapid elimination rate.

4hr. 4hr. 4hr. 4hr.
80mg--40mg--20mg--10mg--5mg

Front 37

Define
Steady State

Back 37

Steady state is reached either when RATE IN = RATE OUT.

when values associated with a dosing interval are the same as those in the succeeding interval

Front 38

Define
Plateau Principle

Back 38

Time to reach steady state is dependent only on the elimination half life of a drug, and independent of dose size and frequency of administration.

Front 39

Define
Loading Dose Effect

Back 39

It takes 4-5 half lives to achieve steady state.

*Some situation it may be necessary to give a higher dose (loading dose) to more rapidly achieve effective blood levels.

Front 40

Define
Placental Barrier

Back 40

Term used for the placental membrane because it prevents the assuage of some material between the maternal and fetal blood.

Most small molecular weight drugs cross the placental barrier.

Front 41

Define
Blood-Brain Barriers

Back 41

Selective barrier separating the blood from the parenchyma of the central nervous system

Permeable only to lipid soluble drugs or those of very LOW Molecular weight.

Front 42

Define
Biotransformation

Back 42

Metabolic conversion of drug molecules to more water-soluble metabolites that are more deadly excreated.

Front 43

Phase 1 Biotransformation

Back 43

Modification of the drug molecule via oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis.

Front 44

Phase 2 Biotransformation

Back 44

Conjugation with endogenous compounds via the activity of transferases

Front 45

Define
Absorption

Back 45

Process of entry of a drug into the systemic circulation from the site of administration.

Front 46

Define
Bioavailability

Back 46

Measure of the fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

Ie: Intravascular doses have 100% bioavaliability.

Front 47

Define
First Pass Effect

Back 47

mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed across the intestinal wall and enter into the hepatic portal circulation and initially distributed to the liver.

Front 48

Define
Distribution

Back 48

Process of distribution of a drug from the systemic circulation to organs and tissue.

Front 49

What are the 2 types of special barriers?

Back 49

Blood Brain

Placental

Front 50

Nonionized drugs have what charge?

Back 50

Uncharged form

Front 51

Ionized druge have what charge?

Back 51

Have a positive and negitive charge.

Front 52

What modes of drug transport are there?

Back 52

Passive Diffusion - Down Gradient

Facilitated Diffusion - Down Gradient

Active Transport - Against Gradient

Front 53

Define
Concentration Gradient

Back 53

Diffusion down a concentration gradient.

only free unionized drug from contribute tot he concentration gradient.

*Gradual change in concentration of solute in a solution.

Front 54

Surface Area
and
Vascularity

Back 54

Regards to absorption of drugs into systematic circulation.

the larger the surface area the greater the vascularity, the better the absorption of the drug.

Front 55

Drug permeation is dependent on?

Back 55

Solubility

Concentration Gradient

Surface area vascularity

Front 56

Water Soluble drugs are?

Back 56

Ionized Drugs

Front 57

Lipid Soluble Drugs are?

Back 57

Nonionized Drugs

Front 58

Unbound drugs are?

Back 58

Active Drugs or compounds that are NOT bound to a carrier protein - Pharmacolgically Active.

Front 59

Active Drugs are considered what type of drugs?

Back 59

Unbound

Front 60

Define
Passive Diffusion

Back 60

Movement of material from an area of high concentration to and area with lower concentration.

*It does not require Active Transport.

Front 61

Define
Solubility

Back 61

Ability to diffuse through lipid bilayers (Lipid Solubility)

*Important for most drugs- however water solubility can influence permeation through aqueous phase.

Front 62

Define
Tolerance

Back 62

process of adapting to a drug over a period of time and subsequently require higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Front 63

Normal PH is?q

Back 63

7.0

Front 64

Base or Alkalinity is levels

Back 64

8-10 PH

Front 65

Acidity PH levels are

Back 65

6-0 PH

Front 66

Define
therapeutic Index

Back 66

Therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes death or toxicity.

Front 67

Define
Narrow Therapeutic Index

Back 67

Small changes in the dosage could cause toxic effects

Front 68

Define
Bioavailability

Back 68

The fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Front 69

Define
Half-Life

Back 69

(t1/2) The time required for the concentration of a drug to drop by 50%.

Front 70

Define
Steady State

Back 70

When the plasma concentration of a drug remains constant, the rate of elimination = rate of input.

Front 71

Define
Efficacy

Back 71

the maximal RESPONSE produced by a drug

Front 72

Define
Potency

Back 72

?how much drug is required to elicit a given response )increase potency=Decrease dose)

Front 73

Define
Agonist

Back 73

An agent that can bind to a receptor and elicit a response.

Front 74

Define
Partial-Agonsit

Back 74

An agent that block the binding site and causes less response than a true agonist.

Front 75

Define
Antagonist

Back 75

Interacts with receptor by produces no action of its own. It blocks the action of agonist.

Front 76

Define
Therapeutic Index

Back 76

The ration of toxic dose to the effective dose.

TI = Toxic dose/effective dose

Front 77

Define
Volume of Distribution (Vd)

Back 77

A hypothetical volume expressing the relationship between the total amount of drug in the body and the concentration of drug in the blood.

Front 78

Superscription

Back 78

Contains the symbol Rx, meaning "take throu" or "recipe"

Front 79

Inscription

Back 79

Specifies the name and strength of the dug

Front 80

Signature or Sig

Back 80

Gives the directions for taking the medication and route of administration

Front 81

Subscription

Back 81

Gives directions to the pharmacist. It designates the # of doses, the quantity to be dispensed and the form of the drug.

Front 82

What should be included on all prescriptions?

Back 82

1: Preprinted with PA's Name, Address and phone number.

2: Patient heading includes the PATIENTS name, address, date when the prescription was written and the Patients age if a a child.

3: Contains symbol Rx

4: Specifies the name and the strength of the drug and quantity.

5: Signa: which gives directions for taking medication.

6: Subscription: gives direction to pharmacist to fill

7: Singnature of PA

8: Refill line. NEVER TO LEAVE BLANK!

9: Drug Enforcement Administration Number required for controlled substances

Front 83

Pregnancy Category A

Back 83

Controlled studies show no risk.

No risk to fetus

Front 84

Pregnancy Category B

Back 84

No evidence of rush in humans.

animal findings show risk but humans show no risk

Front 85

Pregnancy Category C

Back 85

Risk cannot be ruled out.

Human studies lacking, animal studies show positive for fetal risk.

Potential benefits may justify risk

Front 86

Pregnancy Category D

Back 86

Postive evidence of risk.

proof of risk to fetus.May be acceptable in life threatening situations.

Front 87

Pregnancy Category X

Back 87

Contradicted in pregnancy.

Animal and human study show fetal risk.

Front 88

Schedule I

Back 88

Highly abused, illegal substance

controlled substance

Front 89

Schedule II

Back 89

High potential for abuse. Controlled substance

Must use triplicate forms, No refills allowed.

Front 90

Schedule III-IV

Back 90

Potential for abuse - Controlled substance.

Rx good for 6 months
may be refilled up to 5 times
Can be phoned in.

Front 91

Schedule V

Back 91

Low potential for abuse - controlled substance

Rx Required in CA
good for 6 months with up to 5 refills

Front 92

Non controlled

Back 92

No abuse potential

Rx good for 1 year
Unlimited refills
Can be phoned in

Front 93

PO

Back 93

Orally

Front 94

PV

Back 94

Per Vagina

Front 95

PR

Back 95

Per Rectum

Front 96

IV

Back 96

Intravenous

Front 97

IM

Back 97

Inter Muscular

Front 98

SQ

Back 98

sub cutaneous

Front 99

OS

Back 99

Left eye

Front 100

OL

Back 100

Left eye

Front 101

OD

Back 101

Right Eye

Front 102

OU

Back 102

Both Eyes

Front 103

AS

Back 103

Left ear

Front 104

al

Back 104

Left ear

Front 105

AD

Back 105

Right ear

Front 106

AU

Back 106

Both ears

Front 107

ac

Back 107

before meals

Front 108

agit

Back 108

shake

Front 109

am

Back 109

morning

Front 110

amt

Back 110

amount

Front 111

ante

Back 111

before

Front 112

ASA

Back 112

Asprin

Front 113

aq

Back 113

water

Front 114

bid

Back 114

twice daily

Front 115

bp

Back 115

blood pressure

Front 116

c

Back 116

with

Front 117

CBC

Back 117

complete blood count

Front 118

Ca

Back 118

calcium

Front 119

caps

Back 119

capsules

Front 120

CI

Back 120

chloride

Front 121

c/o

Back 121

complaint of

Front 122

D/C

Back 122

discontinue

Front 123

diag, Dx

Back 123

diagnosis

Front 124

dil

Back 124

dilute

Front 125

disch

Back 125

discharge

Front 126

dr

Back 126

dram

Front 127

et

Back 127

and

Front 128

Etoh

Back 128

alcohol

Front 129

exp

Back 129

expired

Front 130

FBS

Back 130

fasting blood sugarq

Front 131

Fe

Back 131

iron

Front 132

fl

Back 132

fluid

Front 133

gm

Back 133

gram

Front 134

gr

Back 134

grain

Front 135

gt

Back 135

drop

Front 136

gtt

Back 136

drops

Front 137

H, h, hr

Back 137

hour

Front 138

H2O

Back 138

water

Front 139

hs

Back 139

bed time

Front 140

Hx

Back 140

history

Front 141

K

Back 141

potassium

Front 142

liq

Back 142

liquid

Front 143

MDI

Back 143

meter dose inhaler

Front 144

Mg

Back 144

magnesium

Front 145

ms

Back 145

milligram

Front 146

MgSO4

Back 146

magnesium sulfate

Front 147

mm

Back 147

millimeter

Front 148

MOM

Back 148

Milk of Magnesia

Front 149

MS

Back 149

Morphine Sulfate

Front 150

Na

Back 150

Sodium

Front 151

NaCl

Back 151

Sodium Chloride

Front 152

neg

Back 152

negative

Front 153

NKA

Back 153

no known allergies

Front 154

NKDA

Back 154

no known Drug allergies

Front 155

NPO

Back 155

nothing per mouth (oral)

Front 156

oint

Back 156

ointment

Front 157

oz

Back 157

ounce

Front 158

PB

Back 158

phenobarbital

Front 159

pc

Back 159

after meals

Front 160

per

Back 160

by

Front 161

pm

Back 161

after noon

Front 162

PO

Back 162

orally

Front 163

prn

Back 163

as needed

Front 164

q

Back 164

every

Front 165

qd

Back 165

every day

Front 166

qhs

Back 166

at every bed time

Front 167

qid

Back 167

4 times a day

Front 168

qod

Back 168

every other day

Front 169

q6h

Back 169

every 6 hours

Front 170

qs

Back 170

quantity sufficient

Front 171

R/O

Back 171

rule out

Front 172

Rx

Back 172

prescription

Front 173

SL

Back 173

sublingual

Front 174

SOB

Back 174

shortness of breath

Front 175

sol

Back 175

solution

Front 176

ss

Back 176

one half

Front 177

stat

Back 177

immediately

Front 178

tabs

Back 178

tablets

Front 179

tbsp

Back 179

tablespoon (15ml)

Front 180

temp

Back 180

temperature

Front 181

tid

Back 181

three times a day

Front 182

tr, tinc

Back 182

tincture

Front 183

tsp

Back 183

teaspoon (5ml)

Front 184

ung

Back 184

ointment

Front 185

vag

Back 185

vaginal

Front 186

vol

Back 186

volume

Front 187

VS

Back 187

vital signs

Front 188

x

Back 188

times