Pharmacology

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Where are Clay Tablets from? and when where they used?

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They're from Babylonia and are from the 18th century.

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The Ebers Papyrus

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An Egyptian medical source compiled around 1550 B.C
It lists more than 700 different herbal remedies used by healers.

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The Ebers Papyrus used botanical drugs, such as

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Castor bean, garlic, and poppyseed for internal use.

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The most common mixtures where:

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laxatives and enemas.

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Pharmakon means

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magic spell, remedy, or poison.

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Hippocrates (c. 460-377 b.c)

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was the first to propose that disease came from natural rather than supernatural causes.
The first to dissect a human body.

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Galen (c. a.d. 130-201)

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Believed that disease was caused by an imbalance of one of the four "humors" -blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.
-influenced medical knowledge for more than 1000 years.

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Illness were cured with an herbal compound of an opposing quality

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moist, dry, cold or warm.

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The document de Materia Medica

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compiled by Dioscrides in the 1st century A.D.
It describes and classifies 600 plants by substance rather than by disease they were intended to treat.

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The Swiss surgeon Paracelsus (1493-1541)

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The first to challenge the teaching of Galen.
He denounced the philosophy of humors in medicine and advocated use of individual drugs, rather than mixtures.

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two of the earliest official listings of medical preparations, in the middle ages.

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The Nuovo Receptario and Dispensatorium

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The Nuovo Receptario

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compiled by doctors in Florence, Italy and published in 1498.

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Dispensatorium

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Valerium Cordis published it. In Nuremberg, Germany.

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Claude Bernard (1813-1878)

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demonstrated that certain drugs have specific sites of action within the body and used laboratory methods to study drugs.

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In 1820, the United States first official listing of drugs,

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the pharmacopoeia of the united states. Published in Massachusetts.

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William Proctor Jr.

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The father of American Pharmacy.
His statue resides in the rotunda of the American Pharmaceutical Association in Washington, D.C.

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Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921)

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Thanks to him, departments of pharmacology were opened in several universities.
At the university of Strasbourg in Germany.

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Ignaz Philip Semmelweis

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helped reduce death from puerperal fever in 1847 by requiring those entering maternity wards to scrub their hands in chlorinated lime water.

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Joseph Lister

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In the 1860s, introduced antiseptics into surgery with his use of carbolic acid for cleaning instruments and ligatures.

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Paul Ehrlich

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A German Bacteriologist, introduced arsphenamine, or Salvarsan, to treat syphilis in 1907. (first chemical agent to treat a disease)

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Sir Frederich Banting

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In 1923, a German and his assistant Charles, best successfully extracted the hormone insulin from the pancreas to create the first effective treatment for diabetes.

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Gerhardt Domagk

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In 1935, the first antibiotic, the sulfa drug prontosil, was introduced by the German, Gerhardt Domagk.

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Sir Alexander Fleming

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discovered penicillin drugs at St. Mary's Hospital in London.

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The PTCB was created by

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APhA, ASHP, ICHP, MPA

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Drug Source:
Plant: foxglove

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Drug Name: digitalis
Therapeutic effect: cardiotonic

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animal: stomach of hog and cow

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pepsin
digestive enzyme

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mineral: silver

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silver nitrate
anti-infective

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synthetic: omeprazole

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prilosec
gastric acid inhibitor

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bioengineering: erythropoietin

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Epogen
RBC stimulant