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22 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics?

Absorption


Distribution


Metabolism


Elimination

What is the therapeutic range of a drug?

The range between the minimum effective concentration and the maximum effective concentration before toxicity

Name some routes of administration

Enteral e.g oral, stomach tube, rectal


Parenteral e.g IV, IM, SC, intra-cardiac


Topical e.g Skin, eye, ear


Other e.g inhalation

If 100% of a drug reaches circulation, what would its bio-availability be? Give an example of how this can occur

1


Drugs given IV

What does bioavailability mean?

The amount of drug that reaches the circulation

Describe the pharmacokinetics of a drug given orally

Pass into GIT


absorbed in SI


enter hepatic circulation where liver detoxified substances before they reach systemic circulation



What is the first pass effect?

A drug may be partially or completely broken down - greatly reducing the concentration before it reaches the systemic circulation

Is a drug given orally likely to have a high or low bioavailability?

Low, but varies

What will hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs do?

Hydrophilic- dissolve easily in water


Lipophilic (hydrophobic) - dissolve easily in fats

What route of administration will hydrophilic drugs be absorbed quickest?

IV/ IM

What route of administration will lipophilic drugs be absorbed quickest?

Orally/SC

What does drug distribution mean?

the movement of the drug from circulation to body tissues

Name a plasma protein that transports drugs through the circulation

Albumin

If a drug has a higher affinity for albumin, how would this affect the dosage?

Higher dosage required

Where does drug metabolism mostly occur?

Liver

Give an example of a drug that becomes more active once metabolised

Prednisolone

What happens during the 2 phases of metabolism, after the drug is metabolized into metabolites?

1 - transformed by various enzymes


2- Metabolite joined with a molecule to make it hydrophilic



What must a drug need to be, in order to be excreted in bodily fluids?

Hydrophilic

Which are the main 2 routes of excretion?

Urine, via kidney


Faeces, via liver (in bile)

Why is the elimination half life important?

Tells us when a drug needs to be administered


Insufficient dosing - lack of therapeutic effect


Over dosing - toxicity



What may renal elimination be affected by?

Glomerular elimination rate affected by hypotension/hypertension, hypovolaemia, CRF

What may hepatic elimination be affected by?

Liver disease


GIT disease