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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The peak concentration of ethanol occurs after how many minutes?
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30 minutes
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90% of ethanol is oxidized in the _____.
Remainder is excreted in the _____. |
Liver
Urine. |
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What are the 3 major pathways of alcohol metabolism?
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1. Alochol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway
2. Aldehyde metabolism 3. Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) |
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Excess ________ produced in ethanol metabolism produces a number of metabolic disorders that accompany alcoholism.
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NADH
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Is the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system utilized when ethanol blood levels are high or low?
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HIGH.
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Which metabolic enzyme are some Asian people deficient in?
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase
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What drug inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase?
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Disulfiram
Allows acetaldehyde build-up Used to help people stop drinking ethanol |
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What drug can be used to treat symptoms of ethanol withdrawal?
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Naltrexone
Opioid antagonist Decreases glutaminergic and adrenergic outflow subsequent to EtOH withdrawal. (decreases recidivism) |
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Which receptors does ethanol most likely effect?
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1. Glutamate
2. GABA |
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Agonists of the GABA receptor ______ the effects of ethanol
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Intensify
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What are the acute effects of ethanol on the CNS?
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1. Relief of anxiety
2. Sedation 3. Intoxication (slurred speech, impaired judgement...) 4. Severe CNS depression (respiratory depression; coma) |
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What are the acute effects of ethanol on the heart?
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Suppression of contractility at high doses
(acetaldehyde may be contributing to these abnormalities) |
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What are the acute effects of ethanol on smooth muscle?
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1. Vasodilation (due to effects on vasomotor center of CNS and direct vasodilation by acetaldehyde)
2. Relaxes the uterus |
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What is the most common adverse effect of chronic ethanol consumption?
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Liver disease
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Progression of ethanol-induced liver disease can lead to what 3 illnesses?
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1. Fatty liver syndrome (reversible)
2. Alcoholic hepatitis (reversible) 3. Cirrhosis (terminal) |
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A large enough load of ethanol will overwhelm the liver and increase the ratio of _________
AND excess _________ buildup |
NADH/NAD+
Acetaldehyde |
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What are the effects of liver disease on gluconeogenesis and triglyceride synthesis?
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Decreased gluconeogenesis --> hypoglycemia --> ketoacidosis
Increased triglyceride synthesis --> increased fat in liver |
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What are the effects of excess acetaldehyde buildup in the liver?
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Acetaldehyde causes direct damage to liver cells and stimulates inflammation leading to HEPATITIS
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Does ethanol stimulate or inhibit gastric and pancreatic secretions?
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Stimulates
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What are the effects of ethanol on the mucosal barreier in the GI tract?
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It breaks down the mucosal barrier
Can lead to: 1. ulcers 2. Malabsorption of nutrients and vitamins |
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What 2 types of tolerances can develop with continued ethanol consumption?
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1. Nervous system tolerance
2. Metabolic tolerance |
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What are the 3 symptoms associated w/ ethanol withdrawal?
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1. Hyperexcitability
2. Convulsions 3. Delirium Tremens (DTs) |
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When does delirium tremens usually start after a chronic alcoholic either stops or severely limits drinking of alcohol?
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24 to 72 hours.
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Delirium tremens is characterized by what symptoms?
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1. Confusion
2. Agitation 3. Hallucinations |
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What is the most common neural injury in chronic alcoholics?
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Symmetric peripheral nerve injury
(paresthesis of the hands and feet <---sensation of tingling, prickling, or numbness). |
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Name the fairly rare syndrome that can result from ethanol neurotoxicity?
What are the symptoms? What type of deficiency do patients normally present with? |
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Symptoms: 1. Paralysis of eye muscles 2. Ataxia 3. Encephalopathy 4. Confused state Thiamine deficiency |
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Binge drinking can have what type of effect on the heart?
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Can cause arrhythmias
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Does chronic alcohol consumption cause hypertension or hypotension?
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Hypertension
Coronary artery disease. |
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T or F.
MODERATE ethanol consumption can actually decrease a person's susceptibility to coronary artery disease. |
TRUE.
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What type of effects can chronic alcohol consumption have on the blood?
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Anemia
(due to decreased intake of vitamins and iron) |
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What kind of effects can chronic ethanol consumption have on the endocrine system?
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Gynecomastia and testicular atrophy
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What type of effects can chronic ethanol consumption have on electrolyte balance?
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Disturbance of fluid and electrolyte balance => HYPOKALEMIA (low levels of K+ in blood serum)
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What is the leading cause of mental retardation and congenital birth defects in the US?
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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