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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a drug?
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Non-food chemical that alters some or more normal biological processes in living organisms.
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What are various problems encountered when one tries to define the word?
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Too restrictive + Depends on what perspective
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What do endogenous and exogenous mean?
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Chemicals produced in the body or taken from outside
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What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?
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The movement of drugs through physiological systems
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What is drug absorption?
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Passage of drug through biological membranes
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What is lipid solubility?
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How easily the drug can be dissolved/penetrated by fat
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What does lipid solubility have to do with drug absorption?
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The more lipid soluble, the faster the drug will get into the blood
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What is the oil/water partition coefficient?
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How much of the drug is soluble in water and lipids
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What are the two most important factors that influence a drug's effectiveness?
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Concentration and rate of accumulation?
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How are these factors dependent on the route of drug administration?
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The concentration and accumulation are different for both routes
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What is the difference between enteral and parenteral routes of drug administration?
Limitations? Strengths? |
Enteral = within intestine (stomach, intestine or through rectum or mouth)
Limitations = stomach eats some of it and slow - convenient, safe, cheap |
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What does parenteral mean?
Strengths? Weaknesses? |
Not alimentary system, injection, pulmonary, topical
Strengths - Fastest, easiest to get accurate dose Weakness - can not be retrieved, need sterility and technique, need aqueous vehicle |
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How do injection routes differ in terms of speed of absportion?
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1. vein 2. artery
3. muscle 4. skin |
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What are different topical routes?
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1. sublinginal - oral mucosa
2. intranasal - nasal mucosa 3. skin |
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What makes a drug move through the body?
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Capillaries and blood compartments push via concentration gradient force
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What is concentration gradient force?
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The ability of a drug to disperse
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What does oil/water partition coefficient have to do with drug distribution?
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High = very lipid-soluble + fast acting
Low = less lipid-soluble + slow acting |
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What is the blood brain barrier?
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Keeps things out and protects the brain by being selectively permeable
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What is the blood brain barrier made of?
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Capillaries with tight junctions between endothelial cells
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What does a drug need to do to enter the brain compartment?
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1. be lipid soluble
2. cause vomitting 3. person needs to have a head injury 4. person needs to be a baby |
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What is the definition of metabolism?
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Chemical changes to a drug
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What are enzymes metabolites?
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Produced from enzymes
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What are active metabolites?
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Metabolites that produce an effect on the body
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What organs metabolize drugs?
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the liver
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What is first-pass metabolism?
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If the route is enteral, some metabolism happens in the GI tract
-the concentration is reduced before it gets to the liver |
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What is the role of the kidneys?
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To excrete the drugs
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What liver enzymes metabolize drugs?
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P450 enzymes
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What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?
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Biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action
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What is dose?
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Amount of drug given in milligrams
mg substance/kg body weight |
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What is a receptor?
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A structure to which drugs or endogenous chemicals attach
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What happens when a drug binds to a receptor?
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It alters some normally occurring event
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What are ligands?
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Attachers
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What is intrinsic activity?
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Measure of how well it activates a receptor
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What is affinity?
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Indicates its capacity to bind to a receptor
- how "sticky" |
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What is an agonist?
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Substance (ligand) with both affinity and intrinsic activity
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What is an antagonist?
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Substance with affinity but not intrinsic activity
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What is the difference between a binder site and an effector site?
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A binding site has affinity but not intrinsic activity
An effector site - intrinsic activity and affinity |
