Pharmacokinetics And Drug Monitoring

Front 1

what is the duration of the drug effect dependent on?

Back 1

rates of absorption and elimination

Front 2

what is a consequence of saturated zero-order elimination?

Back 2

little to no metabolic reserve is available

Front 3

what compounds are described by michaelis-menten kinetics?

Back 3

phenytoin and ethanol

Front 4

what describes kinetics of limiting capacity?

Back 4

michaelis-menten kinetics

Front 5

what is characteristic of first order kinetics?

Back 5

rate depends on concentration

Front 6

what describes absorption of drug solutions and elimination of most drugs at therpeutic doses?

Back 6

first order kinetics

Front 7

how is bioavailability calculated?

Back 7

AUC values for oral relative to IV or relative bioavailability of product X versus product Y

Front 8

why are drugs that are acids or bases often provided as pharmaceutical salts?

Back 8

salt forms are more stable for storage and more soluble for absorption

Front 9

does clearance of a drug change as concentration drops?

Back 9

clearance is independent of drug concentration and remains constant with first-order changes in plasma levels

Front 10

which takes longer to reach steady state, a drug with a short or long half life?

Back 10

long half life reach steady state slowly

Front 11

what are disadvantages of a loading dose?

Back 11

high transient blood levels producing toxicity, no similar means to remove drug once given

Front 12

what is a rule of thumb for dosing intervals?

Back 12

use of dosing intervals equal to the half-life of the drug will result in a two-fold concentration fluctuation (maximum level equals twice the minimum)

Front 13

when is blood drug level monitoring useful?

Back 13

drug response is difficult to quantify, small therapeutic window, response inadequately predicted from dose due to variability in blood concentrations in the population, relationship between concentration and effect must be known

Front 14

why blood drug concentration monitoring rather than use dose-response relationships?

Back 14

when drug response is difficult to monitor directly, concentration-response relationships usually are less variable

Front 15

where is variability generated in looking at dose-response relationships?

Back 15

differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Front 16

what are indications for serum concentration measurements?

Back 16

evaluate concentration-related toxicity, analyze lack of therapeutic efficacy, ensure dose regimen is adequate, use pharmacokinetics to guide dose adjustments

Front 17

what could cause concentration-related toxicity?

Back 17

unexpectedly slow drug elimination, overdose, surreptitious drug use, dispensing errors

Front 18

what could cause lack of therapeutic efficacy?

Back 18

noncompliance, poor absorption or bioavailability, unexpectedly rapid drug elimination

Front 19

what are important factors in interpreting blood drug levels?

Back 19

timing with respect to time of drug administration, patient physiological state, presence of active metabolites

Front 20

for what drugs is concentration monitoring useful?

Back 20

psychotropic drugs, digoxin, anti-arrhythmics, anti-seizure, aminoglycosides, immunosuppressive anti-rejection drugs

Front 21

psychotropic drugs for which concentration monitoring is useful?

Back 21

lithium; antidepressants: amitriptyline/nortiptyline, imipramine/desipramine, doxepin/nordoxepin

Front 22

anti-arrhythmic drugs for which concentration monitoring is useful?

Back 22

lidocaine, procainamide, and N-acetylprocainamide (active metabolite)

Front 23

anti-seizure drugs for which concentration monitoring is useful?

Back 23

phenytoin, carbamazepine, primidone and metabolic phenobarbital (active metabolite)

Front 24

aminoglycoside antibacterial drugs for which concentration monitoring is useful and what is a possible consequence of toxicity?

Back 24

amikacin and tobramycin; ototoxicity

Front 25

immunosuppressive anti-rejection drugs for which concentration monitoring is useful?

Back 25

cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus

Front 26

which drugs for which concentration monitoring is useful have a active metabolite that needs to be taken into account and what is it?

Back 26

procainamide (N-acetylprocainamide) and primidone (phenobarbital)