Pharmaceutics Iv Exam 1

Front 1

What is Micromeritics?

Back 1

The study of small particles

Front 2

What are the five (5) methods of particle size analysis?

Back 2

(1) sieve analysis, (2) microscopy, (3) sedimentation rate (4) laser scattering or diffraction, (5) cascade impaction

Front 3

How is microscopy used in particle size analysis?

Back 3

Particle size is determined by visual observation with the use of a calibrated grid background or other measuring device.

Front 4

Which method of particle size analysis would you use when looking at particles for aerosals?

Back 4

Anderson Cascade Impactor

Front 5

(T/F) Powders with large angles of repose flow freely.

Back 5

False

Front 6

(T/F) Powders with low angles of repose free freely.

Back 6

True

Front 7

Which method is useful in determining powder flow and compressibility?

Back 7

Carr Index

Front 8

Which method is useful in determining storage needs?

Back 8

Carr Index

Front 9

What is the formula for Carr Index?

Back 9

% Compressibility= ((Tapped Density- Bulk Density)/ (Tapped Density)
X100

Front 10

(T/F) A powder with a Carr Index with a compressibility range of >40 is extremely poor (cohesive powders)

Back 10

True

Front 11

What is Comminution?

Back 11

The process of particle size reduction?

Front 12

What is Spatulation?

Back 12

The mixing of powders on an ointment slab or pad using a spatula; no particle size reduction.

Front 13

What is Trituration?

Back 13

The continued rubbing of a solid in a mortar with a pestle to reduce the particle size.

Front 14

What is Tumbling?

Back 14

The use of clear glass or plastic bottles and zipper sealed plastic bags to mix powders.

Front 15

When is Geometric Dilution used?

Back 15

It is used when blending two or more powders of unequal quantities to ensure that small quantities of usually potent drugs are uniformly distributed thoughout the powder mixture.

Front 16

What are the kind of powders that release water of hydration from drugs or chemicals when they are manipulated or stored under conditions of low relative humidity

Back 16

Efflorescent Powders

Front 17

What are the kind of powders, drugs or chemicals that absorb moisture from the air?

Back 17

Hygroscopic Powders

Front 18

What are the kind of powders that are hygroscopic powders that may absorb sufficient moisture from the air to dissolve and form a solution?

Back 18

Deliquescent Powders

Front 19

What are the kind of powders, mixture of tow or more solid substances that may liquefy when intimately mixed at room temperature?

Back 19

Pharmaceutical Eutectic Mixtures

Front 20

What are the four kind of powders that require special handling?

Back 20

Efflorescent, Hygroscopic, Deliquescent, and Pharmaceutical

Front 21

What is a comminution method that involves dispursing powders in insoluble solvent?

Back 21

Levigation

Front 22

What are two methods used industrially to reduce particle size?

Back 22

Milling and Pulverization

Front 23

(T/F) Granules reduce surface area compared to powders

Back 23

True

Front 24

What are prepared agglomerates of powdered materials called?

Back 24

Granules

Front 25

What are the three methods that granules are prepared by?

Back 25

Wet Granulation, Dry Granulation, and Slugging

Front 26

Capsule shells are usually made from ______________?

Back 26

Gelatin

Front 27

(T/F) Capsules are suitable for aqeous liquid.

Back 27

False

Front 28

(T/F) Capsules are sensitive to humidity and microbial contamination

Back 28

True

Front 29

Capsules range in size _ to _?

Back 29

00, 5

Front 30

(T/F) The capsulse size 5 is the largest.

Back 30

False

Front 31

(T/F) Capsules in size 000 are the largest

Back 31

True

Front 32

What is The Rule of Sixes?

Back 32

The bulk densities of many powders aveage about 0.6g/mL.

Front 33

What is The Rule of Sevens?

Back 33

Convert formulation weight to grains; subtract from seven; Use table to determine appropriate size (only works if calculated values are between -3 and 5)

Front 34

Weight Variation: Capsule shall not be less than __% and __% of the theoretical value

Back 34

Capsule shall not be less than 90% and not more than 110% of the theoretical calculated weight of each unit.

Front 35

Content Uniformity: The amount of active ingredient should be within __% to __% of the label claim for 9 of 10 dosage units assayed, with no unit outside of 75% to 125% of label claim

Back 35

Content Uniformity: The amount of active ingredient should be within 75% to 125% of the label claim for 9 of 10 dosage units assayed, with no unit outside of 75% to 125% of label claim

Front 36

What is the type of tablet that accounts for ~95% of tablets?

Back 36

Compressed

Front 37

Which type of tablet have a very potent drug?

Back 37

Triturates

Front 38

Which is a natural product used as an excipient in tablets that promotes adhesion of particles?

Back 38

Acacia

Front 39

What is the purpose of a lubricant?

Back 39

Reduces friction during tablet compression

Front 40

What is the purpose of antiadherents?

Back 40

Anitadherents prevent tablet ingridients from sticking to punches and dies during production

Front 41

What are three methods for the preparation of compressed tablets?

Back 41

Wet granulation, Dry granulation, direct compression

Front 42

Which type of method of preparation of tablets produces robust formulations?

Back 42

Wet granulation

Front 43

Which type of method of preparation of tablets can be used to distibute low concentrations of drug to achieve acceptable content uniformity?

Back 43

Wet granulation

Front 44

What is the rate limiting step in the dry granulation process?

Back 44

The compression into slugs or roll compaction.

Front 45

Which is the simplest process for preparation of compressed tablets?

Back 45

Direct compression

Front 46

What are the four types of drying techniques?

Back 46

Tray, Fluid Bed, Vacuum (could be gas assisted), and Microwave

Front 47

When milling does the impeller speed increase or decrease particle size?

Back 47

increasing can decrease particle size

Front 48

During milling what is the primary factor that determines particle size?

Back 48

screen size

Front 49

Does precompression force increase or decrease the chance of lamination and capping?

Back 49

decrease

Front 50

Does over-compression result in increase or decrease hardness?

Back 50

decrease

Front 51

Does over-compression result in lamination and capping?

Back 51

yes

Front 52

As compression force increases, friability

Back 52

decreases, but can then increase

Front 53

As compression force increases, dissolution rate

Back 53

decreases

Front 54

As compression force increases, tablet density

Back 54

increases

Front 55

Does short dwell time in the tablet press lead to capping/lamination?

Back 55

yes

Front 56

What is capping and lamination?

Back 56

Ask Carlos

Front 57

(T/F) Capping and lamination is due to improper improper formulation design and malfunction of machinery.

Back 57

True

Front 58

According to the USP method. How many units are individually assayed for their content uniformity

Back 58

Ten (10)

Front 59

What are the extemporaneous methods of preparing capsules?

Back 59

punch method and capsule filling machines

Front 60

What is the industrial method of preparing capsules?

Back 60

capsule filling machines

Front 61

What is the purpose of enteric coating?

Back 61

They are designed to pass unaltered through the stomach, later to release their active ingredients within the intestinal tract.

Front 62

What are repeat action products?

Back 62

Usually contain two single doses of medication, one for immediate release and the second for delayed release.

Front 63

Is a drug that exhibits very slow or very fast rates of excretion and absorption a good drug candidate for extended-release?

Back 63

neither

Front 64

Are drugs used in the treatment of chronic diseases good drug candidates for ER products?

Back 64

yes

Front 65

Are drugs used in the treatment of acute diseases good drug candidates for ER products?

Back 65

no

Front 66

Are drugs that are administered in relatively small doses, good candidates for extended-release products?

Back 66

yes

Front 67

Are drugs that posses a good margin of safety good drug candidates for extended-release?

Back 67

yes

Front 68

Are drugs that are uniformly absorbed from the GI tract good drug candidates for extended release?

Back 68

yes

Front 69

What is microencapsulation?

Back 69

The process of enclosing solids, liquids, or gases within microscopi particles by forming thin coatings of wall materials around the substance

Front 70

What is complex formation?

Back 70

chemical combination of substances with other agents to form complexes that may be only soluble in body fluid, depending on the pH of the envoironment

Front 71

What is a dendrimer?

Back 71

A dendrimer is a highly branched copolymer formed from a central core which defines its orignal geometry.

Front 72

______ are formed from more than one monomer type.

Back 72

Copolymer(s)

Front 73

Water soluble polymers tend to increase the viscosity of solvents at (high/low) concentrations?

Back 73

at low concentrations

Front 74

Water soluble polymers tend to increase viscosity by _____________?

Back 74

(1) swelling or changing shape
(2) at low concentrations
(3) adsorbing at surfaces

Front 75

Polymer solutions: Solvent induced shape change may lead to significant changes in __________.

Back 75

viscosity

Front 76

A _____is a viscous, cross linked polymer-solvent system containing a three dimensional network of stable bonds that are impervious to thermal motion.

Back 76

Ans: Gel

Front 77

What type of gel is an irreversible system with a 3-D network formed by covalent bonds between the macromolecules?

Back 77

Type 1 Gels

Front 78

What type of gels are heat-reversible gels that are held together by intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds?

Back 78

Type 2 Gels

Front 79

Type 2 Gels are held together by what kind of bonds?

Back 79

intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds

Front 80

Type 1 Gels are held together by what kind of bonds?

Back 80

covalent bonds

Front 81

______are macromolecular chains with different segments which exhibit different properties.

Back 81

Heterogels

Front 82

How are cross-linked polymeric systems useful?

Back 82

They are useful in implants that swell in the presence of water, ex. poly(HEMA)s

Front 83

________ is the separation of a liquid from a swollen gel thought to occur because of the elastic contraction of the polymeric molecules.

Back 83

Syneresis

Front 84

What is Polyvinylpyrolidone (povidone)?

Back 84

a water soluble polymer used as a suspending agent and dispersing agent, binding and granulating agent, and disintegrant

Front 85

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) serve as______?

Back 85

solvents and suppository bases

Front 86

What is the osmotic pump drug delivery system?

Back 86

A system composed of a core tablet with a tiny hole, through which drug is released by osmotic pressure.

Front 87

The release of drug from an osomotic-pump drug delivery system is driven by ______.

Back 87

osmotic pressure

Front 88

What is the purpose of in-vitro and in-vivo correlations?

Back 88

We need to make sure what we see in the lab is the same thing we see in the body.

Front 89

What are the five types of natural gums and mucilages?

Back 89

acacia, tragacanth, alginate, pectin, chitosan, dextran

Front 90

Permeability of Polymers: Does having more polar films, increase the permeability of oxygen?

Back 90

No, it decreases the permeability b/c more polar films tend to be more ordered, and less porous, hence less permeable to oxygen

Front 91

Does having less polar films, permit the permeation of oxygen?

Back 91

yes less polar films, means a more porous polymer, thus permitting permeation, BUT NOT NECESSARILY WATER MOLECULES

Front 92

Why are we moving away from using gelatin capsules?

Back 92

b/c gelatin is an animal product (allergies, vegetarians, microbial contamination=diseaase, and kosher)

Front 93

Where does gelatin come from?

Back 93

Gelatin is obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, white connective tissue,and bones of animals

Front 94

Hard gelatin capsules contain about __% to __% moisture

Back 94

13% to 16%

Front 95

Which type of tablet can have a potent drug?

Back 95

Triturates

Front 96

Which diluent or filler makes very high or dense tablets?

Back 96

Dibasic calcium phosphate

Front 97

During wet granulation, (increasing/decreasing) amount of binder increases granule density.

Back 97

increasing

Front 98

Granulating time (increases/decreases) granule density.

Back 98

Granulating time increases granule density but too much time can cause paste formation.

Front 99

What is friability?

Back 99

Friability is the measure of how fragile the tablets are,how likely they are to chip in the bottle.

Front 100

Tablet disintegration tests cannot be performed on what two type of tablets?

Back 100

chewable and modified release tablets

Front 101

How many tablets are used in the disintegration test?

Back 101

6 tablets in disintegration basket

Front 102

The FDA has a policy to have dissolution profiles be generated in water, 0.1 N HCl, and USP buffer media at what pHs?

Back 102

4.5, 6.5, 7.5

Front 103

The _______is the change from solid ridgid state to more fluid, less ridgid state.

Back 103

glass transition strength

Front 104

What are the characteristics that are important for drug formulation of polymers?

Back 104

MW, glass transition strength, tensile strength, diffusion coefficient, hardness (cystallinity), and solubility

Front 105

What is tensile strength

Back 105

the force required to break the "hardness" of something

Front 106

What will impact the permeability of polymers?

Back 106

Diffusion: viscosity, thickness of membrane, surface area, partion coefficient, concentration gradient

Front 107

How can the degree of porosity of polymers be useful?

Back 107

Degradation

Front 108

Can polymers in drugs have an affinity for plastics?

Back 108

yes, such as packaging materials, IV, tubing, etc.

Front 109

Is Miralax (PEG 3350) a hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer?

Back 109

hydrophilic polymer that swells in the lower part of the small intestine and large intestine

Front 110

Do hydrophobic or hydrophilic matrices cause the entry of water into the polymer, which causes swelling and the formation of a gel through which the drug must diffuse to be released.

Back 110

hydrophilic

Front 111

Do (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) matrices cause the mechanism of drug release to be passing through pores or diffusing slowly through the polymer wall?

Back 111

hydrophobic

Front 112

Would you want a drug with a a very water-soluble polymer?

Back 112

no

Front 113

would you want a drug with a very water-insoluble polymer?

Back 113

no

Front 114

What is a poly(HEMA)?

Back 114

A cross-linked polymer system that swells in the presence of water and forms a hydrogel. The polymer cannot dissolve since the cross links are stable.