Pharmaceutics Ii: Lecture 2 Objectives

Front 1

What term describes intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugsand/or chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use, for localor systemic effect?

Back 1

pharmaceutical powders

Front 2

What are pharmaceutical powders used for?

Back 2

preparing other dosage forms (tablets,capsules, suspensions, ointments, creams, etc.)

Front 3

What are the advantages of pharmaceutical powders?

Back 3

flexibility of compounding, goodchemical stability, rapid dispersion

Front 4

What are the disadvantages of pharmaceutical powders?

Back 4

time-consuming preparation, inaccuracy of dose

Front 5

What are hydrated drugs/chemicals that release water when manipulated or stored at low humidity?

Back 5

efflorescent powders

Front 6

What are solid durgs/chemicals that absorb moisture from the air?

Back 6

hygroscopic powders

Front 7

What are hygroscopic podwers that asorb sufficient moisture from the air to form a solution?

Back 7

deliquescent powders

Front 8

What is a mixture of solid substance that mixed at room temperature form a solution?

Back 8

eutectic mixture

Front 9

What type of powder is 1 to 6 um in size and can be used in the treatment of asthma, bronchial disorders, and for antiperspirants?

Back 9

aerosol powders

Front 10

What are the properties of bulk powders?

Back 10

nonpotent, inaccurate dose, hygroscopic, deliquescent, volatile

Front 11

What are example of bulk powders?

Back 11

antacids, laxatives, douche powders, topical anti-infectives, antifungals, vitamins

Front 12

What are powders folded in paper called?

Back 12

chartula

Front 13

What are chartula or powders in polybags called?

Back 13

divided powders

Front 14

What are the desired properties of powders?

Back 14

fine and uniform particle size

Front 15

What are the desired properties of powders for topical applications?

Back 15

smooth to touch, non-irritating to the skin, spread easily on the skin

Front 16

What are the desired properties of powders for internal use?

Back 16

high dissolution and bioavailability

Front 17

What are the desired properties of powders for bulk powders?

Back 17

avoiding stratification in transport to avoid an inaccurate dose

Front 18

What is used to measure the size of powder particles?

Back 18

sieves

Front 19

Define comminution

Back 19

particle size reduction

Front 20

What are the three ways to reduce particle size?

Back 20

trituration,, pulverization by intervention, levigation

Front 21

What term describes the continued rubbing of solid using mortar and pestle to reduce the size?

Back 21

trituration

Front 22

What term describes reducing the particle size using recrystallation by adding a volatile solvent?

Back 22

pulverization by invervention

Front 23

What term describes reducing the particle size of a solid by triturating it in a mortar or spatulating it on an ointment slab or pad with a small amount of liquid in which the solid is not soluble?

Back 23

levigation

Front 24

What term describes mixing small quanities of powders on an ointment slab or pad using a spatula?

Back 24

Spatulation

Front 25

Is there a particle size reduction in spatulation?

Back 25

no

Front 26

What term describes a particle size reduction and blending or mixing; the method preferred under most circumstances?

Back 26

trituration

Front 27

What term describes the passing of powders through sifters but is not suitable for potent drugs?

Back 27

sifting

Front 28

What term describes the mixing of large quanities of powders in a large container rotated by a motorized process?

Back 28

tumbling (only used in industry)

Front 29

What term describes the blending of two or more powders of unequal quantities?

Back 29

geometric dilution

Front 30

What term defines the science of small particles?

Back 30

micromeritics

Front 31

What term describes the shaking of powders through a series of sieves?

Back 31

sieving

Front 32

what term describes the measuring terminal settling velocity of particles?

Back 32

sedimentation

Front 33

What are the ways to analyze particle size?

Back 33

sieving, microscopy, sedimentation rate, light energy diffraction or light scattering, laser holography, or cascade impaction

Front 34

What are the two general methods for preparing granules?

Back 34

wet method and dry method

Front 35

What are the properties of granules?

Back 35

4-12 sieve size range, better flow than powders, less surface area than powders, more stable to the atm humidity than powders, more easily wetted than powders, preferred for product intended for reconstitution than powders

Front 36

What method of granule preparation uses powder that is moisten to form a paste with the paste the passed through a screen of mesh size to form granules?

Back 36

wet method

Front 37

What is method of granule preparation that puts the powder through a roll compactor followed by a granulating machine to form granules?

Back 37

method I / roller compaction

Front 38

What is the method of granule preparation that compresses the powder into tablets that are then put through a granulating machine to form granules?

Back 38

Method II / slugging

Front 39

What granules are used to provide a pleasant vehicle for bitter or salty tasting drugs and is usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, or tartaric acid?

Back 39

Effervescent granules

Front 40

What are Solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinalor inert substances (as powder, compact, beads, or granulation) are enclosedwithin a small gelatin shell?

Back 40

capsules

Front 41

What are the two types of capsules?

Back 41

hard gelatin and soft gelatin

Front 42

Size 00 are the largest size used for which route of administration in humans?

Back 42

oral

Front 43

Size 000 are used for which route of administration in humans?

Back 43

rectal or vaginal

Front 44

What is the capsule capacity dependent on?

Back 44

density of the powder

Front 45

How is gelatin obtained?

Back 45

obtained by partial hydrolysis ofcollagen from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals

Front 46

Describe the solubility of hard gelatin capsules

Back 46

Insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot waterand in warm gastric fluid

Front 47

Describe the stability of hard gelatin capsules

Back 47

Stable in dry air—extreme dryness: capsulesbecome brittle and crumble. Subject to microbial decomposition in moisture. Store in an environment free from excessivehumidity or dryness

Front 48

What quantity of powder are hard gelatin capsules usually used to encapsulate?

Back 48

65mg-1g

Front 49

What do you do if the drug dose is inadequate to fill the capsule?

Back 49

add diluents

Front 50

What do you do if the drug dose is too large to fit a capsule?

Back 50

use multiple capsules for a dose

Front 51

What are the steps for filling a capsule?

Back 51

Separate the cap from the body, fill the body with the formulation, reattach cap to body, clean and polish the capsule

Front 52

What do you clean or polish a small scale batch of capsules with?

Back 52

gauze or cloth

Front 53

What do you clean or polish a large scale batch of capsules with?

Back 53

vacuum

Front 54

When formulating nonpotent capsule drugs, do you weigh every capsule?

Back 54

no, just every few

Front 55

When formulating potent capsule drugs, do you weigh every capsule?

Back 55

yes, every capsule

Front 56

When using granular material, how do you compound capsules?

Back 56

Do not use punch method. Only pour material into capsules

Front 57

When aligning the powder for utilizing the punch method, what is the term for aligning the powder?

Back 57

blocking the powder bed

Front 58

What are examples of diluent for capsule filling?

Back 58

lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, starch

Front 59

What are examples of disintegrants used in capsules?

Back 59

starch, crosscarmellose, sodium starch glycose

Front 60

What term describes agents used to assist in the breakup and distribution of capsule content in the stomach?

Back 60

disintegrants

Front 61

What term describes agents used to enhance the flow properties of powders in capsules?

Back 61

lubricants or glidants

Front 62

What are examples of lubricants or glidants?

Back 62

fumed silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate., stearic acid, talc

Front 63

What term describes agents used to enhance drug dissolution?

Back 63

wetting agents

Front 64

What wetting agent is used to enhance drug dissolution when magnesium stearate is used as a glidant?

Back 64

sodium lauryl sulfate

Front 65

What is usually used to make soft gelatin capsules elastic?

Back 65

glycerin or sorbitol

Front 66

What is the quality control procedure for hard capsules?

Back 66

Weigh 10 capsules individually, remove the contents, weigh the emptied shells individually, calculate the net weights of the contents

Front 67

What is the quality control procedure for soft capsules?

Back 67

weight 10 capsules individually, cut open each capsule to remove the contents and wash the empty shells with suitable solvent, evaporate the solvent, weight the emptied shells individually, calculate the net weights of the contents

Front 68

What are the quality control standards for capsules?

Back 68

All 10 units are within 85 to 115 % of the desired amount and have SD of less than or equal to 6%

Front 69

What is the test in which the capsules are placed in a basket rack and immeresed into fluid 30 times a minute?

Back 69

disintergration test