• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/84

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

84 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
preservatives used in ophthalmic dosage forms
- benzalkonium chloride
- benzethonium chloride
- thimerosal
- chlorobutanol
- phenylmercuric acetate
- phenylmercuric nitrate
which preservative can irritate the eye during long term usage?
- benzalkonium chloride
viscosity enhancers for ophthalmics (3)
- methylcellulose
- polyvinyl alcohol
- hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
what do viscosity enhancers do?
- keep medicine in the eye for some period of time
inflammation of the eyelid
- blepharitis
droopy upper eyelid
- blepharoptosis
different pupil sizes
- anisocoria
- anisoCORia
double vision
- diplopia
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
- exophthalmos
distant objects appear blurred - nearsightedness
- myopia
near objects appear blurred - farsightedness
hyperopia
farsightedness in middle-aged/older people
presbyopia
pupil constriction
miosis
pupil dilation
mydriasis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
conjunctivitis
what is the conjunctiva?
- a thin, transparent membrane covering the sclera
what do preservatives do?
maintain sterility
the white, fibrous covering of the eye
- sclera
2 allergic conjunctivitis symptoms
- pruritis - itching
- lacrimation - tearing
bacterial conjunctivitis symptoms
- pruritis
- lacrimation
- matting
pink eye treatement
- self-limiting (will go away in 2 weeks)
four classes of anti-glaucomal agents
- beta-blocking agents
- miotics
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- ophthalmic prostaglandins
3 beta blocking agents
- betaxolol -- Betopic, Betopic S
- levobunolol -- Betagan
- timolol -- Timoptic, Timoptic XE, Betimol
miotics (1)
- pilocarpine -- Isopto Carpine, Pilopine HS (gel)
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (2)
- dorzolamide
- brinzolamide -- Azopt
opthalmic prostaglandins (3)
- bimatoprost -- Lumigan, Latisse
- latanoprost -- Xalatan
- travoprost - Travatan, Travatan Z
glaucoma
- increased intra-ocular pressure
- caused by increased production of aqueous humor
- OR decreased outflow of aqueous humor
beta blocking agent mechanism
- decrease production of aqueous humor - mechanism unknown
miotics mechanism
- cause myosis (pupil constriction)
- increases outflow
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors mechanism
- decrease production of aqueous humor
- carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme necessary for production of aqueous humor
ophthalmic prostaglandins mechanism
- increase outflow
- mechanism not understood
TTN - timolol preparations
- each is a solution
- XE - forms a gel when administered to the eye, which increases activity.
TTN - pilocarpine preparations
- Pilopine HS - is a gel
- Isopto Carpine - drop
- both can decrease night vision (they disable dilation)
TTN - latanoprost
- Xalatan
- popular
- refrigerate to stabilize
- patient can keep at room temp for 6 weeks
TTN - Travatan Z
- does not contain benzalkonium chloride
- allows for continuous use
- contains a buffered preservative
anti-glaucomal
- theraputic category
therapeutic categories (9)
- anti-glaucomal
- mydriatic agents
- ophthalmic NSAID's
- ophthalmic corticosteroids
- ophthalmic antihistamines
- ophthalmic mast cell stabilizers
- ophthalmic antihistamines/mast cell stabilizers
- ophthalmic antibiotics
- ophthalmic antivirals
mydriatic agents (use/adverse afffects)
- used before eye exam to cause mydriasis (dilation)
- causes light sensitivity and blurred vision
mydriatic agents (3)
- atropine sulfate -- Isopto Atropine
- tropicamide -- Mydriacyl
- cyclopentolate -- Cyclogyl
ophthalmic NSAIDs mechanism and side effects
- cyclo-oxygenase inhibition
- stops production of prostaglandins
- can cause keratitis - inflammation of the cornea
ophthalmic NSAID's (5)
- diclofenac sodium -- Voltaren
- ketorolac -- Acular, Acuvail (different strengths)
- flurbiprofen -- Ocufen
- bromfenac -- Xibrom
- nepafenac -- Nevanac
ophthalmic corticosteroids (usage and side effects, TTN, 4)
- treat inflammation
- indicated for short term only
- long term use can cause glaucoma
- all are suspensions (shake well) (except S.O.P. (ointment))
ophthalmic corticosteroids (4)
- prednisolone -- Pred Mild, Pred Forte
- fluorometholone -- FML, FML Forte, Flarex, FML S.O.P.
- rimexolone -- Vexol
- loteprednol -- Lotemax, Alrex
ophthalmic antihistamines (usage and mechanism)
- treat allergic conjunctivitis
- antihistamine
- block H1 receptor
- do not decrease production of histamine
- histamine is an inflammatory mediator and must bind its receptor to cause inflammation
ophthalmic antihistamines (2)
- emedastine -- Emadine
- azelastine -- Optivar
ophthalmic mast cell stabilizers (usage and mechanisms)
- treats allergic conjunctivitis
- inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells
- mast cells are inflammatory cell type
- THIS class decreases the production of histamine
three inflammatory mediators
- histamines
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes
three main dosage forms given through the eye
- solutions
- suspensions
- ointments
lacrimal - definition
- pertaining to the tears
preparations given through the eye must be?
- isotonic with lacrimal fluid
- isoionic
- pH of tears is about 7.4
ear drops in the eye
- no
- eyedrops may be given through the ear, where isotonicity is not a concern
- only 5 or 6 eardrops available
primary ingredient in artificial tears
- viscosity enhancers
artificial tears - usages
- used to lubricate the surface of the eye
- used to treat xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
to minimize eye drop absorption into systemic circulation
- press on lacrimal duct for a bout a minute
TNN - betaxolol
- Betopic
- Betopic S (suspension, SHAKE WELL)
- the amount of drug given
- dosing
number of times daily
- dosing interval
TTN - Timoptic and Betimol
- both solutions (?)
- dosing interval is twice daily
TTN - Timoptic XE
- solution (SHAKE WELL)
- forms a gel when administered
- increases activity
- dosing interval is once daily (better compliance)
TTN - Lumigan
- bismatoprost - indicated for Glaucoma
TTN - Latisse
- bimatoprost - indicated for hypotrichosis (congenital deficiency of eyelash hair)
- apply at bedtime at the base of the eyelashes
- increase length, darkness, thickness
TTN - ophthalmic prostaglandins
- can increase brown pigmentation
- permanent
- Latisse does not
two other anti-glaucomals (not in a class)
- Cosopt -- dorzolamide/timolol combination
- Alphagan P -- brimonidine
- Alphagan P mechanism
- brimonidine
- reduces production and decreases outflow
- first NSAID
- aspirin
- TTN - FML S.O.P
- fluorometholone
- Sterile Ophthalmic Preparation
- ointment
- therapeutic category of emadine
- H1 receptor antagonist
OR
- ophthalmic antihistamine
- TTN azelastine
- azelastine
- available in two nasal spray products
- Astelin and Astepro
- Astepro includes sorbitol (sweet)
- used to treat allergic rhinitis
allergic rhinitis symptoms
- inflammation of the mucosa membranes of the nose
- rhinorrhea - runny nose
- do not give OTC ear medication (refer to physician) if there is
- pain
- drainage
drops abbreviation
- GTTS
softening agent used to drain earwax
- Colace
ophthalmic mast cell stabilizers (2)
- lodoxamide -- Alomide
- nedocromil -- Alocril
ophthalmic antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers (2)
- olopatadine -- Patanol, Pataday
- epinastine -- Elestat
(THESE WORK BY BOTH MECHANISMS) - indicated for AC
Patanol vs. Pataday
- Patanol 0.1% soln. twice daily
- Pataday - 0.2% soln. once daily
ophthalmic antibiotics indication and mechanism
- most are indicated for bacterial conjunctivitis
- mechanisms vary
OA's aminoclycosides (2)
- tobramycin -- Tobrex
- gentamicin (ASK DUNN!)
OA's fluoroquinolones (6)
ciprofloxacin -- Ciloxan
ofloxacin -- Ocuflox
levofloxacin -- Quixin
gatifloxacin -- Zymar
moxifloxacin -- Vigamox
besifloxacin -- Besivance
OA's sulfonamides
- sodium sulfacetamide -- Bleph-10
OA's macrolides
- erythromycin (ointment, first macrolide)
- azithromycin -- AzaSite (zithromax)
TTN - azithromycin (a lot)
- AzaSite
- 1 drop every 12 h for 2 days, then 1 drop daily for five days
(total duration = 7 days)
- contains duraSite - polymer that adheres to the eye surface and keeps drug from being washed out rapidly
- extends duration of action
- must be refrigerated in pharmacy
- patient can keep at RT for 14 days
ophthalmic antivirals
- trifluridine -- Viroptic
- TTN trifluridine
- Viroptic
- refrigerate in pharmacy
- patients can store at room temp
- preservatives can be absorbed by contacts and make them cloudy
- patients should remove contacts and wait 15 minutes after instillation
OA' antibiotics (all - 11)
- tobramycin
- ciprofloxacin
- ofloxacin
- levofloxacin
- gatifloxacin
- moxifloxacin
- besifloxacin
- gentamicin
- sodium sulfacetamide
- erythromycin
- azithromycin