Pharmaceutics

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Liquid dosage forms

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solution, syrups, elixers, spirits, trinctures/fluidex

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liquid preparations that contain 1 or more chemical substance dissolved in a solvent/mixture of miscible solvents

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solutions

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aqueous solutions containing a sugar.
60-80% sucrose

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Syrups

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solution containing water and ethanol.

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elixers, sweetened hydroalcoholics

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aromatic materials in an alcoholic or aromatic water mixture

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spirits

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solutions made from extracting active constituents from crude drugs. also solutions of substances dissolved in alcohol/hydroalcohol solvents.
bitter

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trinctures/ fluidex
made by percolation

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max amount a substance will dissolve in a liquid at const. temp

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solubility

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solution prepared at maximum solute concentration

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saturated solution

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solubility depends on

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temp, solubilizing agents,pH, salts, solvents, pressure (ATM), complexation, particle size

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weak acids and bases are more soluble in ____

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alcohol (they are nonpolar)

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solvents for pharmaceutical use

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water
organic solvents- acetone, isopropyl al
oils- corn, cotton seed, peanut, olive

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What are the 3 ways to purify water to get purified water USP
less than .001% solids

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distilation- vaporized and condensed
Ion exchange- resins remove ions
Reverse osmosis- (highest grade)

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3 types of alcohol

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alcohol USP- 95-96% ethyl
Dehydrated alc.USP- 99.5%
Diluted alcohol- rubbing alcohol

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organic medicinal agent solubility depends mostly on...

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pH of solvent
they are weak acids/bases

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solvent that can dissolve both alcohol and water soluble substances

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hydroalcoholic mixture

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types of oral solutions

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dry mixtures for reconstitution
oral rehydration solutions
oral colonic lavage solution

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types of syrup preparation

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solution w/ aid of heat
agitation-stirring, no heat
addition of sucrose to prepared liq.
percolation of medication or sucrose= strain like coffee

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solution with aid of heat

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quick, but may change color/taste.
used for thermostable/ nonvolatile med

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agitation without heat

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all ingredients in large vessel
time consuming but max stability
medication dissolves in min amnt solvent

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addition of sucrose to prepared liquid

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syrup is prepared using a tincture or fluid extract (too strong on their own)

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Elixir preparation
3 steps

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no heat! alcohol
1. agitation
2. prepare alcoholic solution and aqueous --> add aq to alcohol
3. filter, in case of precipitation

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alcohol contents of oral meds
tincture
syrup
elixirs

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tincture=15-80%
syrup=15-20% ??
elixir=5-40% (14%)

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these route of admission have extreme, rapid onset of action

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sublingual
intravenous
buccal

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have route of admission that is slower, but greater durration

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oral, topical ointment, patch

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concentration of drug is greatly reduced before it reaches systemic.
bioavailability reduced

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first pass effect

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routes of administration

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oral
rectal
parenteral
epicutaneous
ocular, oral, nasal
other- vagina, lungs, urethra

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most natural route, convenient, usually for systemic effect

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oral route

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oral dosage forms

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tablets
capsules
caplets
suspensions
solutions

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fillers used to prepare tablets for proper size and consistency

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diluents

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used for breakup and separation of tablets compressed ingredients

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disintegrants

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route for systemic and local
solution, suppositories, ointment

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Rectal route
good for drugs normally destroyed in stomach or intestines

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route not through alimentary canal.
injection
rapid
uncooperative patients

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parenteral

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3 main routes of parenteral injection

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subcutaneous- beneath skin
intramuscular- muscle
intravenous- vein

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route where drugs are administered through application on the skin
direct or systemic effect

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epicutanous

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route applied in the mucous membrane, ointment, suspension, solutions (most common, mist/fine drop)

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nasal, ocular, and oral
local effects

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other routes

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lungs- minute liquids or solids
vaginal and urethral- mostly local effect