Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
This is a semisolid preparation intended for the external application to the skin or mucous membranes
|
Ointments
|
|
|
This dosage form can be medicated or non-medicated
|
Ointments
|
|
|
This is an agent that softens the skin or soothes irritation in skin or mucous membranes
|
Emollient
|
|
|
This is a substance that protects injured or exposed skin surfaces from harmful or annoying stimuli
|
Protective
|
|
|
This is a substance that promotes retention of water in the skin by forming a hydrophobic barrier that prevents moisture in the skin from evaporating
|
Occlusive
|
|
|
This is a substance that causes water to be retained because of its hygroscopic properties
|
Humectant
|
|
|
What are bases used for ointments?
|
Oleaginous
Absorption Water-removable Water-soluble |
|
|
This base is also called hydrocarbon base
|
Oleaginous base
|
|
|
This base has an emollient effect
|
Oleaginous base
|
|
|
This base can incorporate powdered substnces with mineral oil as the levigating agent
|
Oleaginous base
|
|
|
What are some examples of Oleaginous base
|
Petroleum
White Petroleum Yellow Ointment White Ointment |
|
|
This is an oleaginous base that is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum
|
petroleum
|
|
|
This is an oleaginous base that is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons that has been decolorized
|
White Petroleum
|
|
|
This oleaginous base is more esthetically appealing than petroleum, bu used for the same purposes
|
White Petroleum
|
|
|
This is an oleaginous base that is more viscous than plain petroleum
|
Yellow Ointment
|
|
|
This oleaginous base is the same as the yellow ointment, but is made with white wax
|
White Ointment
|
|
|
This is a base that may be used as an emollient but don't provide the degree of occlusion of oleaginous bases
|
Absorption Bases
|
|
|
This base is not easily removed from the skin with water washing
|
Absorption Bases
|
|
|
This base is useful as adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases
|
Absorption Bases
|
|
|
This is a type of base that are water-in-oil emulsions that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solution (Give ex)
|
type of Absorption bases
hydrophilic petroleum |
|
|
What are some examples of Oleaginous base
|
Petroleum
White Petroleum Yellow Ointment White Ointment |
|
|
This is an oleaginous base that is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum
|
petroleum
|
|
|
This is an oleaginous base that is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons that has been decolorized
|
White Petroleum
|
|
|
This oleaginous base is more esthetically appealing than petroleum, bu used for the same purposes
|
White Petroleum
|
|
|
This is an oleaginous base that is more viscous than plain petroleum
|
Yellow Ointment
|
|
|
This oleaginous base is the same as the yellow ointment, but is made with white wax
|
White Ointment
|
|
|
This is a base that may be used as an emollient but don't provide the degree of occlusion of oleaginous bases
|
Absorption Bases
|
|
|
This base is not easily removed from the skin with water washing
|
Absorption Bases
|
|
|
This base is useful as adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases
|
Absorption Bases
|
|
|
This is a type of base that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions (Give ex)
|
type of Absorption bases
hydrophilic petroleum |
|
|
This is a type of of base that are water-in-oil emulsions that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions
(Give ex) |
type of Absorption bases
lanolin |
|
|
Purified wax-like substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized (obtained from the wool of sheep_
|
lanolin, USP
|
|
|
What are examples of water-removable bases
|
Hydrophilic ointment
Vanishing Cream Dermabase |
|
|
This base contains no oleaginous properties
|
Water-soluble bases
|
|
|
What methods are used to prepare ointments?
|
Incorporation
Fusion |
|
|
Powder is added to ointment in this method of preparing ointments
|
Incorporation
|
|
|
In this method ointments are mixed with heat
|
Fusion
|
|
|
What equipment is used to compound ointments
|
Ointment slabs or pads
Spatulas Small-scale ointment mills |
|
|
When incorporating solids into an ointment this should be reduced as far as possible
|
particle size
|
|
|
What can be added to facilitate making a smooth elegant ointment product?
|
Auxiliary agent
Levigating agent Solvents |
|
|
To disperse drug particle, uniform distribution, particle size reduction (the process of grinding an insoluble substance to a fine powder while wet )
|
Levigation
|
|
|
Mineral Oil
|
Levigating Agent
|
|
|
Glycerin
|
Levigating Agent
|
|
|
Propylene Glycol
|
Levigating Agent
|
|
|
PEG 400
|
Levigating Agent
|
|
|
Cottonseed Oil
|
Levigating Agent
|
|
|
Castor Oil
|
Levigating Agent
|
|
|
Polysorbate 80 (tween 80)
|
Levigating Agent; Surfactant
|
|
|
Compendial Requirements for Ointments (must meet the following USP tests)
|
Microbial Content
Minimum fill Packaging Storage and labeling |
|
|
Topical applications are not required to be what but they must meet acceptable standards for microbial content
|
sterile
|
|
|
Methylparaben
|
Antimicrobial Preservative
|
|
|
Propylparaben
|
Antimicrobial Preservative
|
|
|
Phenols
|
Antimicrobial Preservative
|
|
|
Benzoic Acid
|
Antimicrobial Preservative
|
|
|
Sorbic Acid
|
Antimicrobial Preservative
|
|
|
Quaternary ammonium salts (ex: benzalkonium salt)
|
Antimicrobial Preservative
|
|
|
Determination of the net weight or volume of the contents of filled containers to ensure proper contents compared with the labeled amounts
|
Minimum fill
|
|
|
What should ointments be packaged in
|
large mouth ointment jars
metal or plastic tubes |
|
|
Ointments are stores in ______ to protect against contamination and in a ____ place protect against product separation
|
well-close containers
cool |
|
|
The labeling of certain ointments may require what info on the label
|
type of base used
|
|
|
semisolid preparations containing one or more medical agents dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water emulsion base or in another type of water-washable base
|
creams
|
|
|
Creams are typically used in what route of admin products
|
topical skin products
rectally vaginally |
|
|
Why are creams preferred over ointments
|
easier to spread and remove
|
|
|
semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent
|
gels
|
|
|
Why routes of admin can gels be used for
|
skin
eye nose vagina rectum |
|
|
Why are creams preferred to ointments
|
easier to spread and remove
|
|
|
semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent
|
gels
|
|
|
What routes of administration can used for gels?
|
skin
eye nose vagina rectum |
|
|
carbomer 934
|
synthetic marcromolecule - gelling agent
|
|
|
carboxymethycellulose
|
cellulose derivatives - gelling agent
|
|
|
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
|
cellulose derivative - gelling agent
|
|
|
tragacanth
|
natural gums - gelling agent
|
|
|
What are the different type of gels
|
single-phase gels
two-phase gels |
|
|
Gels in which the macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid w/ no apparent boundaries between the dispersed macromolecules and the liquid
|
single-phase gels
|
|
|
magmas, gel mass consisting of floccules of small distinct particles
|
two-phase gels
|
|
|
What is added to creams, gels, and ointments so that the drug in them can be delivered systemically
|
penetration enhancers
|
|
|
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
|
penetration enhancer
chemical enhancer |
|
|
ethanol
|
penetration enhancer
chemical enhancer |
|
|
propylene glycol
|
penetration enhancer
chemical enhancer |
|
|
glycerin
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
polyethylene glycol
|
penetration enhancer
chemical enhancer |
|
|
urea
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
dimethyl acetamide
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
sodium lauryl sulfate
|
penetration enhancer
chemical enhancer |
|
|
the poloxamers
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
Spans
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
Tweens
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
lecithin
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
terpenes
|
penetration enhancer
|
|
|
commonly compounded transdermal preparation which aids in the rapid penetration of many active drugs through the skin
|
pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO)
|
|
|
semisolid containing a larger portion of solid materials than ointments and are therefore stiffer
|
pastes
|
|
|
the is not suited for application to hairy parts of the body
|
pastes
|
|
|
solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic
|
plasters
|
|
|
this is applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site
|
plasters
|
|
|
facilitate the passage of therapeutic effects of drug substances through that skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effects
|
transdernal drug delivery system (TDDS)
|
|
|
What layer of the skin is the barrier for TDDS ROA
|
outer layer - epidermis
|
|
|
the limit if how many drug acan be absorbed from TDDS
|
saturation capacity
|
|
|
increase skin permeability by reversibly damaging or altering the physiochemical nature of the stratum cornea to reduce its diffusional resistance
|
chemical enhancers
|
|
|
Selection of chemical enhancers is based on...
|
efficacy
low dermal toxicity compatibility w/other components |
|
|
acetone
|
chemical enhancer
|
|
|
azone
|
chemical enhancer
|
|
|
oleic acid
|
chemical enhancer
|
|
|
delivery of charged chemical compound across the skin membrane using an electrical field
|
iontophoeresis
|
|
|
high frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery
|
sonophoresis
|
|
|
incorporate a drug matrix layer b/w backing and frontal layers
|
monolithic systems
|
|
|
contain a drug reservoir or pouch, a rate controlling membrane and backing, adhesive and protective layers
|
membrane-controlled TDDS
|
|
|
if the drug is delivered to the stratum corneum at a rate less than the absorption capacity, the ____is the rate-controlling factor
|
device
|
|
|
if the drug is delivered to the skin area ro saturation, the ____is the rate-controlling factor
|
skin
|
|
|
a solid dosage form intended for insertion into a body orfice where it melts, softens or dissolves and exerts it local or systemic effects
|
suppository
|
|
|
female suppository
|
pessaries
|
|
|
male suppository
|
bougies
|
|
|
What is the length of the rectum
|
15-20cm
|
|
|
When empty how much fluid is in the rectum
|
2-3mL
|
|
|
physiological factors that affect rectal absorption
|
colonic content
circulation route pH and lack of buffering capacity of the rectal fluids |
|
|
physiochemical factors affecting rectal absorption
|
lipid-water solubility
particle size nature of the base |
|
|
Classification of suppository bases
|
fatty bases
water soluble or water-miscible polymers and surface active agents miscellaneous |
|
|
cocoa butter
|
fatty suppository
|
|
|
fattibase
|
fatty suppository
|
|
|
witepsol bases
|
fatty suppository
|
|
|
this is the most common suppository base
|
cocoa butter
|
|
|
glycerinated gelatin
|
water-soluble and water-miscible suppository base
|
|
|
polyethylene glycols
|
water-soluble and water-miscible suppository base
|
|
|
mixture of oleaginous and water-soluble or water-miscible materials
|
miscellaneous base
|
|
|
this base softens in the body to release drug
|
miscellaneous base
|
|
|
slow release, poor escaping tendency
|
oil-soluble drug w/ oily base
|
|
|
rapid release of drug
|
water-soluble drug with oily base
|
|
|
moderate release rate of drug
|
oil-soluble drug with water miscible base
|
|
|
moderate release, based on diffusion; all water miscible
|
water-miscible drug with water miscible base
|
|
|
What are the methods used to prepare suppositories?
|
Compression
Hand rolling Molding |
|
|
A mass of base and API is forced into special molds using suppository making machines.
|
Compression
|
|
|
This method is useful for preparing heat-liable substances in a suppository.
|
Compression
|
|
|
This method is considered the art of making suppositories
|
Hand rolling
|
|
|
Hand rolling is limited to using which base?
|
cocoa butter
|
|
|
Caution must be exercised with heat sensitive drugs when using this method to prepare suppositories
|
Molding
|
|
|
This method for preparing suppositories often require lubrication and calibration
|
Molding
|
|
|
What are the packaging and storage considerations for glycerinated gelatin suppositories
|
store at room temp
package in air tight package (hygrospcopic) not used for rectal |
|
|
What are the packaging and storage considerations for cocoa butter suppositories
|
store in fridge
package in foil |
|
|
What are the packaging and storage considerations for polyethylene suppositories
|
store at room temp
packaged in foil incompatible with large # of drugs and polystyrene |
|
|
glycol
|
chemical enhancer
|
