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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is the Central Nervous System (CNS) different from the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System (PANS)?
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1) The number of synapses in the CNS is far greater than in the PANS
2) The CNS contains powerful networks of inhibitory neurons 3) The CNS has 10 to 50 neurotransmitters, while the PANS only has 2 |
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What are the two primary neurotransmitters in the peripheral autonomic nervous system?
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Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
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What does the stimulation of excitatory neurons do to the postsynaptic membrane?
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Excitatory neurons depolarize the postsynaptic membrane
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What are EPSPs?
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Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials that depolarize the target neuron
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Which ions flow in what directions as a result of depolarizatiion/EPSPs?
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Sodium ions flow into the postsynaptic neuron
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What are IPSPs?
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Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials that hyperpolarize the target neuron
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Which ions flow in what directions as a result of hyperpolarization/IPSPs?
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Chlorine ions flow into and Potassium ions flow out of the postsynaptic neuron
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What neurons are lost in Alzheimer disease?
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Cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Maynert
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What neurons are lost in Parkinson disease?
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Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia niagra
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What are the signs/symptoms of Parkinson disease?
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Tremors, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural and gait abnormalities
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What nervous activity is affected by Parkinson disease?
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Inhibitory action of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia niagra and corpus striatum are reduced
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1) Where do neurons affected by Parkinson disease originate?
2) Where do they terminate? 3) What type of neurotransmitter do they use? |
1) The substantia niagra
2) The neostriatum of the corpus striatum 3) Dopamine |
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What are three causes of secondary Parkinson disease?
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1) Low viral encephalitis
2) Multiple small vascular lesions 3) Phenothiazines and Haloperidol |
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How do Phenothiazines and Haloperidol cause secondary Parkinsonism?
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They block dopamine receptors in the brain
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How do dopamine neurons fire from the subtantia niagra to the corpus striatum?
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Tonically
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Describe the neurons in the neostriatum that oppose the dopaminergic neurons
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Excitatory cholinergic
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Name two aims of Parkinson disease therapy.
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1) Restoring dopamine in the basal ganglia
2) Antagonizing cholinergic neurons |
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True or False: Currently, there are drugs available to arrest or reverse the neuronal degeneration of Parkinson disease
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False - Current drugs only offer temporary relief from the symptoms of the disorder
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This drug is a metabolic precursor of dopamine
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Levodopa
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1) At what stage of Parkinson disease is the body able to convert Levodopa to Dopamine?
2) What percentage of neurons remain at this stage? |
1) Early stage
2) 20% |
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Why are large doses of levodopa required?
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Most of the drug is decarboxylated to dopamine in the periphery and GI tract
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