Pharm2

Front 1

Epi/NE/Isoproteronol

Back 1

local anesthetics, hemostatic, cardiac arrest/AV block, anaphylactic shock/allergic reactions, bronchial asthma

(Epi-alpha1,2,beta1,2)
(NE-alpha1,2,beta1)
(isoproteronol beta1,2)

Front 2

Catecholamines

Back 2

Epi/NE/Isoproteronol, Dopamine, Dobutamine

Front 3

Dopamine

Back 3

Acute Renal Failure

Low dose: dopmain agonist
high dose: beta-adrenergic

(beta)

Front 4

Dobutamine

Back 4

CHF

possible beta1 adrenergic agonist

Front 5

Noncatecholamines

Back 5

Ephedrine, Phenylepherine

Front 6

Ephederine

Back 6

Urinary incontinence

(alpha, beta agonist)

Front 7

Phenylepherine

Back 7

Hypotension & Shock, + Pupil Dilation

(alpha agonist)

Front 8

Beta2 agonists

Back 8

Albuterol, Clenbuterol, Terbutaline

Bronchodilation

(B2 agonist)

Front 9

(Albuterol)

Back 9

(asthma)

Front 10

(Clenbuterol)

Back 10

(Horse: COPD)

Front 11

(terbulatine)

Back 11

(Horses, SA:___)

Front 12

Beta blockers

Back 12

Decrease b.p.

Propanalol, Atenolol

(beta 1 agonist)

Front 13

Antiadrenergic drugs

Back 13

beta blockers, alpha blockers

Front 14

Alpha blockers

Back 14

Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin

Front 15

Phenoxybenzamine

Back 15

Decrease urethral sphincter tone, Laminitis

(alpha1 & 2 antagonist)

Front 16

Phentolamine

Back 16

Saves Epi injected in digits!, Pehochromocytoma

(alpha1, 2 antagonist)

Front 17

Pilocarpine

Back 17

Glaucoma

Front 18

Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Back 18

Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Edrophonium, Pyridostigmine

Front 19

Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Back 19

Malathion, Parathion, Dichlorvos (pesticides, flea collars)
Sarin, Tabun, Soman (nerve gas)

Front 20

OPP toxicity: Symptoms

Back 20

Mild: pupillary constriction, tight chest, watery nasal discharge, wheezing
Severe: DUMBELS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstiction, excitation of skeletal muscles/CNS, lacrimation, salivation/sweating

Front 21

Atropine

Back 21

Tachycardia, relaxes GI, decreases secretion, broncholiation, dry oral mucosa

Front 22

Parasympatholytic agents (muscurinic receptor antagonists)

Back 22

Atropine, Glycopyrrolate

Front 23

UB: filling

Back 23

ext sphincter contracted

stimulation nAChR, micturition
Sympathetic:
alpha1-AR (internal sphincter, base) & beta2-AR (body) stimulated

Inhibition of Parasympathetic gn by sympathetic neurons

Front 24

UB: micturition

Back 24

Ext sphincter relaxed

no stmulation of nAChR (aph-1, beta-2 AR)

Activation of Parasympathetic flow --> simualtes mAChR


Inhibition of Sympathetic outflow

Front 25

Incontinence

Back 25

Hormonal, Neurological, Ectopic ureters, obstructions

Front 26

Pharmalogical Mgt of Urinary Incontinence

Back 26

Hormone responsive:

nAChR: Alpha AR agonist
Increases internal sphincter tone

Oral Diethylsilbestrol (DES), Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)

Front 27

Pharmacology: Urge Incontinence

Back 27

mACh antgonist
reduces bladder contractility

Oxybutynin

Front 28

ANS

Back 28

secretory gls, smooth m, cardiac m, internal organs

Front 29

Somatic NS

Back 29

Efferents --> EFFECTORS

Front 30

ANS/Somatic: Similarities

Back 30

signals from periphery, signals from higher brain levels, integrative neurons in CNS

Front 31

Autonomic NS

Back 31

efferents --> PERIPHERAL GN --> 2o neurons --> EFFECTOR

Front 32

Sympathetic NS

Back 32

pregn fibers from THORACOLUMBAR regions, enter the PARAVERTEBRAL chain of sympathetic gn

Post gn fibers: LONG, MULTIPLE INNERVATION


Heart excitation (HR, contractility force, conduction velocity)
GI inhibition (digestion, motility, secretion)

Front 33

Parasympathetic NS

Back 33

pre gn fibers: from MIDBRAIN, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, SACRAL SP CORD; enter gn CLOSE TO (WITHIN) INN structures

Post gn fibers: SHORT


Heart Inhibition
GI excitation

Front 34

SNS/PSNS: Functional differences

Back 34

SNS: Extremely reactive , Mass discharge

PSNS: Discreet

Front 35

SNS v. PSNS: Functional anatomy

Back 35

Pre gn fibers = CHOLINERGIC
post gn PSNS = CHOLINERGIC
post gn SNS = ADRENERGIC

Front 36

alpha-1 R

Back 36

Constriction of Vascular Smooth Muscle

vascular smooth muscle (skin, kidney, viscera, skeletal muscle):

Front 37

alpha-2 R

Back 37

Autoinhibition of NE release

Pre-synpatic AR neurons
(extra-synaptic vascular locations)

Front 38

beta-1 R

Back 38

Increased HR, Contractility, Conduction Velocity

SA Node, Atria, Ventricles

Front 39

beta-2

Back 39

Dilation of Airwayway
-pulmonary airway muscle

Dilation of Blood vessels
-vasculature or skeletal muscle

Auto-stimuation of NE release
-presynaptic AR neurons

Front 40

Catecholamines

Back 40

Beta-agonist: ARF (Dopamine)

Beta-1 agonist: CHF (Dobutamine)

Front 41

Noncatecholamines

Back 41

alhpa/beta: Urinary incontinence (Ephedrine)
alpha agonist: *Pupilary dilation, + Hypotension/Shock (Phenylephrine)
beta-2 agonists: asthma, COPD, allergic/anaphylaxis (albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline)

Front 42

Antiadrenergic drugs

Back 42

beta-1 antagonist: decrease bp. (propanalol, atenolol)
"Beta blockers"

alpha 1,2 antagonists- decrease urethral sphincter rone, + Laminitis (phenoxybenzamine), Epi injected digits (phentolamine), alpha -2 central sedation (prazosin)

"Alpha blockers"

Front 43

Cholinergic/Cholinomimetic

Back 43

drugs that produce ACh-like effects

Front 44

Parasympathomimetic

Back 44

drugs that produce ACh-like effects at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

Direct acting: agonists at mAChR

Cholinesterase inhibitors: blockers of AChesterases that degrade endogenous ACh

Front 45

Parasympatholytic

Back 45

drugs thatblock or inhibit ACh-like effects at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

Front 46

Cholinergics: PSNS

Back 46

miosis, inhibit heart, dilation of bvs., constriction of bronchioles, GI excitation, micturition, sweating, salivation, lacrimation, nasopharyngeal SECRETIONS

Front 47

Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetics

Back 47

Choline Esters (ACh, Methacholine, Carbacholine/Carbamylcholine, Bethanechol/Urecholine)

Front 48

Carbachol, Bethanechol

Back 48

NOT susceptible to cholinesterase
Good AGONISTS of mACh at GI, UB.....(+/-CV)

Carbachol = AGONIST of nAChR

Bethanechol = NOT agonist of nAChR

Front 49

M1, M2, M3

Back 49

M1 = GI
M2 = CV
M3 = UB

Front 50

Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetics: Choline esters

Back 50

Act on Smooth Muscle (mAChR)
GI, UB

+/-nAChR

Front 51

Cholinomimetic Alkaloids

Back 51

mACh agonists (pilocarpine, arecoline, muscarine)

Front 52

Pilocarpine

Back 52

GLAUCOMA Tx (=increases secretion, aka "dry eyes")

Front 53

Adverse effects of Parasympathomimetics

Back 53

slowing of HR, AV block --> cardiac standstill
increase airway resistance (incr secretions, bronchoconstriction) --> dyspnea
Hypotension

"SLUD" (secretory, smooth muscle, sphincter effects)

Front 54

Carbachol, nAChR effects
(higher concentrations)

Back 54

stimulation of SYMPATHETIC Gn
catecholamine release from adrenal
skeletal muscle fasiculations

Front 55

Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Indirect Acting Parasympathomimetics)
Reversible

Back 55

AChesterase terminates endogenous Ach practically everywhere it is released:
Automonic gn, Parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions, smoatic neuromuscular junctions, Adrenal medulla, CNS

Front 56

Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Irreversible

Back 56

OPPs

Front 57

ACh effects at

Back 57

ANS gn, Parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions, Somatic neuromuscular jnctions (Voluntary/Skeletal muscle), Adrenal medulla, CNS

Front 58

Irreversible Cholinesterase inhibitor

Back 58

Mild: miosis, chest tightening, nasal secreiton, wheezing
Severe: SLUD, miosis, bronchoconstriction, Excitation of Skeletal muscle & CNS,

Front 59

Parasympatholytic agents (mACh R antagonists)

Back 59

Tachycardia, Relaxes GI, decreases secrtion, broncodilation, dry oral mucosa (atroine, glycopyrrolate)