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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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antitussives
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drugs that suppress the cough reflex aka cough suppressants
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what are we concerned about when we give an antitussive drug
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antitussive drugs suppress the cough reflex and the cough reflex is a natural reflex to protect the airway. when we interefere with someones ability to cough, we now make their airway vulnerable. so when giving an antitussive drug we are concerned with airway and breathing.. this can be a problem with someone with significant amt of sputum or a neuromuscular disorder
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although coughing is a natural reflex, what does persistent coughing do?
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persistent coughing can be exhausting, cause muscle strain, and further irritate the respiratory tract so it may be necessary to give an antitussive
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2 types of antitussive drugs
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1. opiod antitussives
2. nonopiod antitussives |
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opiod antitussive prototype drug
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codeine or hydrocodone
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nonopiod antitussive prototype drug
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dextromethorphan
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why is codeine dangerosu in peds
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we need to check baby to make sure airway is working!
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when codeine and hydrocodone are given as antitussives, what schedule are they?
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schedule 5 narcotic
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nonopiod antitussives are safer. why?
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safer for babies and small children, adults with lung disease and okay in pregnancy
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dextromethorphan
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DM (often robitussin DM)
Used for treating chronic, nonproductive cough Available in a variety of forms. Absorbed rapidly from the GI tract Undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism Related to the opiates Mainly the drug works by affecting the cough center in the medulla Not for treating chronic choughs resulting from emphysema and asthma. drug effects are rare |
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rare drug effects from dextromethorphan
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Drug effects are rare: nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, irritability, restlessness
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what side effects are we worried about in pts taking codeine vs patients taking dextromethorphan as antitussives
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dextromethorphan: pt restless and excited (activated) irritable.
codeine: worried about sedation |
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hydrocodone as an antitussive
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vikodin - stronger than codeine for cough
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how to codeine and dextromethorphan work?
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work directly in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex
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codeine as an antitussive
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induce respiratory depression/sedation
Cautious use: pregnant, breast-feeding, head injuries, chronic cough, addictions; adverse effects include sedation, dry mouth, nausea or vomiting, and constipation |
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what side effects are we worried about with antitussives
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GI side effects
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Decongestant drugs
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Sympathomimetic agent (mimics sympathetic nervous system) used to decrease nasal congestion
Activates alpha1 adrenergic receptors on nasal blood vessels Can be administered orally or topically. will increase BP because of vasoconstriction. decongestants are vasoconstrictors: make vessels in nose very tiny so we feel like they are open and we can breathe. |
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major contraindication for decongestants
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hypternsion (decongestants are vasoconstrictors that mimic sympathetic nervous system and raise BP).
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nursing assessment for pt on decongestant
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take blood pressure
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prototype drug for oral decongestants
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pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
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Pseudophedrine (Sudafed)
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oral decognestant
Reduces the volume of nasal mucus Relieves the pressure of otitis media by promoting drainage Absorbed readily from the GI tract Mimics the actions of the sympathetic nervous system - vasoconstriction |
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Pseudophedrine (Sudafed) duration
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Duration: 4-6 hours for regular formulations and 8 to 12 hours in extended-release preparations
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adverse effects of Pseudophedrine aka Sudafed
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Adverse effects: related to the sympathomimetic effects
CNS, CV -- increased BP from vasoconstriction, |
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contraindications and caution for Pseudophedrine aka Sudafed
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Contraindications: severe hypertension and CAD
Special caution: diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, BPH, and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) caution with diabetics because they already ahve poor perfusion and pseudophedrine will cause less blood flow. caution with benign prostatic hypertrophy (enlarged prostate) because area for urine outflow is already small so with sudafed they can have urinary retention and thus at risk for urinary infection. glaucoma problem because vasoconstriction will increase IOP even higher. |
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Ephedrine (Kondon's nasal)
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Powerful alpha-adrenergic stimulant found in many OTC topical preparations
Can cause serious effects when absorbed systemically |
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prototype topical decongestant
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oxymetazoline (Afrin)
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Oxymetazoline (Afrin)
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Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors
Action similar to pseudoephedrine, its route of administration is topical Patient education: Use greater than 5 continuous days can lead to rebound congestion Use as directed to avoid systemic effects * patients become afrin dependent* rebound congestion occurs becdause when you stop taking it, blood comes pouring in |
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allergic rhinitis ( upper respiratory infection)
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Inflammatory disorder (mediated by the immune system) that affects the upper airway, lower airway and eyes
Symptoms: sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritis and nasal congestion Triggered by allergens; bind to IgE on mast cells; release of histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
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drugs used to treat allergic rhinitis
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oral antihistamines, intranasal glucocorticoids (steroids), sympathomimetics (decongestants)
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Antihistamines
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Used to relieve symptoms of allergies (give for allergic rhinitis)
May be separated into first generation and second generation |
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first generation antihistamines
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sedating
Diphenhydramine (Benedryl) Promehtazine (Phenergan) Hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax) |
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prototype first generation antihistamine
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Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
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2nd generation antihistamine prototype
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Fexofenadine (Allegra)
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2nd generation antihistamines
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non sedating
2nd Generation Allegra, Claritin, Zyrtec, Astelin |
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Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
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1st generation oral antihistamine
Significant anitmuscarinic activity and produce marked sedation in most patients Adv. Eff.: sedation, dizziness, incoordination, fatigue, confusion, Paradoxical effect, anticholinergic effects Also effective in relieving nausea, vomiting, and vertigo associated with motion sickness, is used to treat extrapyramidal symptoms (given in psych) |
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Fexofenadine (Allegra)
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2nd generation oral antihistamine
Used to relieve symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, uncomplicated urticaria, and angioedema Most effective if used before the onset of symptoms Taken orally and absorbed rapidly; slightly metabolized in the liver; excreted in feces mostly Has some anticholinergic and antipruritic effects. 2nd generation: less sedation and anticholinergic effects |
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what is unique about allegra
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its exreted in feces instead of urine.
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seasonal vs perennial allergic rhinitis
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seasonal: specific times in year
perennial: chronic all year round |
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what does allegra block?
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Selectively blocks the effects of histamine at the H1-receptor sites
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contraindications for fexofenadine (allegra)
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Contraindications: hypersensitivity, children younger than 12 years old, pregnant or lactating women, patients with renal failure, use with other CNS depressants
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what happened with other 2nd generation anithistamines and whats our concern with fexofenadine/allegra?
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Two second generation antihistamines removed from market (Seldane and Hismanal) due to increased risk of cardiac abnormalities); fexofenadine/allegra has not shown any cardiac abnormalities but still watch out for it because 2 in its class have.
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why is giving fexofenadine/allegra and other CNS deppresents a contraindication
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Its a contraindication (not absolute) bc Patients on CNS depressants (opiods or benzodiazapeines) be alert giving them antihistamines because can be even more sedating * wont be as concerned with second generation as first generation... Contraindication but not absolute contraindication
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Intranasal glucocorticoids (steroids) how many are available?
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6 agents
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which is the most effective drug for treating seasonal and perrenial allergic rhinitis
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intranasal glucocorticoids (steroids)
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intranasal glucocorticoids
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Treat all of the major symptoms of allergic rhinitis
Adv. Eff.: drying, burning, itching of nasal mucosa, sore throat, epistaxis, HA (headache) Systemic effects possible: adrenal suppression and slowing of growth in children |
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why dont we give intranasal glucocorticoids to kids?
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they suppress adrenals and growth in kids.
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what is allergic rhinitis and how to antihistamines help with it
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Allergic rhinitis: inflammatory disorder: allergen triggers antibody formation (this is not usual, usually its an antigen trigger antibody) ( attack mast cell with chemical mediatorys such as histamine)
Antihistamine: targets histamine released |
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why do we give glucocorticoids for allergic rhinitis
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Glucocorticoids: target this inflammation of allergic rhinitis.
Intranasal because allergic rhinitis (in nose) |
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how is glucocorticoid (steroid) use different for allergic rhinitis vs asthma
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allergic rhinitis we use topic: intranasal glucocorticoid in the nose.
Asthma: gluicocorticoids are inhaled thru lung fields (inhalers) |
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which drug will someone with perrenial allergic rhinitis deff be on?
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intranasal glucocorticoid (because it txs all symptoms) and pereniall is year round.
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if patients get drying effects from an intranasal glucocorticoid what can the RN teach the patient?
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use a saline nasal spray to keep it moist
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Expectorant drugs
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drugs that liquefy secretions (in the lower respiratory tract)
(does not bring things up, makes it easier for pts to bring it up) liquefies the thick copious sputum predominant OTC 1 prescription expectorant drug = guifenasen aka robitussin |
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prototype expectorant drug
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guifenesin / robitussin
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what is robitussin DM made up of
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guiafenesin (aka robitussin)
DM is dextromethorphan so also an antitussive guaifenesin will liquify secretions and DM will suppress cough. Problem thin secretions and then cant cough it up (don’t do this 24.7 only at night to sleep) So guaifenesin alone is better. |
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guifenasin aka robitussin
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expectorant drug
Taken orally and absorbed readily from GI tract Duration of action is 4 to 6 hour (prescription guiafensin lasts 12 hrs) Eliminated by the kidneys Enhances the output of respiratory tract fluids by reducing the adhesiveness and surface tension of the respiratory fluids; the result of the thinning of secretions is a more productive cough Adverse effects: nausea, vomiting, and anorexia |
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which is the only respiratory drug not eliminated by the kidneys
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fexofenadine (allegra) 2nd generation antihistamine
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Expectorant iodine preparations
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Used for many years to stimulate an increase in the fluid produced by the lungs
Are used as an adjunctive treatment in respiratory tract conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic sinusitis Bitter flavor limits their popularity Must be used with caution because of their effect on the thyroid gland |
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what are we concerned about with expectorant iodine preparations
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the thyroid gland**
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true or false: expectorant iodine preparations do the exact opposite of regular expectorants like guiafensin (robitussin)
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TRUE. expectorant iodine preparations are used to treat cystic fibrosis in which lungs are too dry and dont have enough fluid.
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which population will we be concerned with with expectorant iodine preparations
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pediatrics (often get for cystic fibrosis) terrible taste, kids hate it, concerned abt kids thyroid
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difference between expectorant drugs and muculytic drugs
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expectorants liquefy secretions.
mucolytics break down secretions like pacman, eats it away for thick copious sputum |
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mucolytic drugs
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used for lower respiratory tract infections
Break down mucus to help the high-risk respiratory patient cough up thick, tenacious secretions to improve breathing and air flow. |
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how are mucolytic drugs administered
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Administered by a nebulizer or through and endotrachal tube or tracheostomy.
Mucolytic drugs = pts with respiratory therapists, intubated pts on ventilator, pts getting high L of oxygen in mask, mucolytic drugs can be squirted directly in trach, nebulizer, down tube… give mucolytic prior to suctioning to keep airway patent |
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prototype mucolytic drug
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acetylceistine (mucomyst)
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when is acetylceistine / mucomyst used
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Used for any type of pulmonary disorder (any disorder making copious amts of sputum)
Also give acetylcysteine (mucomyst) pre bronchoscopy to make sure all mucus is removed so then there is a clear field to visualize Used for: COPD (not asthma bc no sputum), cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and TB, development of atelactasis, diagnostic bronchoscopy, acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity |
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what is an antidote for acetaminophen induced (tylenol) hepatotoxicity
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acetylceistine aka mucomyst.
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why is acetylceistine very good for patients with a trach
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Helps airway quickly* very good for pts with trach when copious secretions fly out of trach
Onset occurs within 1 minute, peak effect occurring within 5 to10 minutes |
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what is the onset and peak of acetylcistine aka mucomyst (mucolytic agent)
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Onset occurs within 1 minute, peak effect occurring within 5 to10 minutes
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contraindications / SE for acetylceistine/mucomyst
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Contraindications and cautious use: respiratory disease and asthma
Adverse effects: bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction, chest tightness, a burning feeling in the upper airway, and rhinorrhea Initial disagreeable odor Suction equipment should be kept available |
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why do we not give acetylceistine/mucomyst to an asthmatic
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mucomyst should only be given to COPD resp patients who make a lot of sputum. asthmatic are dry and we are concerned with bronchospasm/constriction that occurs with mucomyst.
Acetylcysteine mucomyst is used in any pulmonary problem (but not asthma because they don’t make a lot of sputum) – so giving this drug to someone with asthma wouldb e harmful Only give to respiratory disease where we are making copious secretions Acetylcysteine can cause bronchospasm causes weezing so this is very bad for asthmatics |
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nursing implication with acetylceistine/mucomyst
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good thing is peak is 5-10 mins so these bad symptoms don’t last long* stay with pt that has airway threat til it passes
Make sure suction is working before administering drug because this will start to work in a minute – if suction not working and u gave drug, p-uts patients airway at risk |
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what two condictions are allergy/immune mediated
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allergic rhinitis and asthma
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asthma
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Common, chronic, inflammatory, immune mediated respiratory condition
chest tightness from bronchoconstriction Auscultated wheezing More serious = audible wheezing (without sthethescope) – airway much more at risk Inspiratory or expiratory wheezing – both is much more severe Cough – sign of irritated airway (first sign pt going into bronchospasm) sx: dyspnea, chest tightness, wheezing, cough |
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what are the two things we are treating with asthma
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1. bronchoconstriction
2. inflammation Inflammation – steroids (glucocorticoids and cromolyn) Bronchoconstriction airway narrowing – beta 2 agonists (sympathetic nervous system) will dilate airway (potential side effect increase HR tachycardia) So we need drugs to open airway and drugs to decrease inflammation |
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with asthma we are giving patients a beta 2 agonist to stimulate sympathetic nervous system and cause bronchodilation. what potential side effect are we concerned about and whats the nursing implication
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beta 2 agonist bronchodilate and can cause tachycardia. as a nurse we must assess HR
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process of inflammation/allergic rx with asthma
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Allergen – not antigen – IgE antibody being formed – goes to mast cell – inside mast cell we have inflammatory mediatorys histamine. Antihistamine works on those. Also have leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Produces leukocytes, macrophages and eosinophils (WBC count will increase in asthma) chemical mediators continue to mediate immune response -- > causing inflammation (impacting airflow in) also cause actual airway to close up and constrict and airflow is limited to both inflammation and constriction..
Triggers: some pts have a lot. Some have none (triggers are variable) Common triggers; cold air Pt going from air conditioned room to hot humidity is trigger for bronchospasm and vise versa Exercise (exercise induced asthma) 2nd hand smoke (why smoking is banned in buildings now) |
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what 2 things must pharmachology address with asthma
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1. bronchoconstriction
2. inflammation |
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bronchodilators in treating asthma
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Used to facilitate respiration by dilating the airways |
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3types of bronchodilators in asthma
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1. beta 2 agonists aka sympathomimetics
2. anticholinergics 3. xanthide derivatives |
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sympathomimetics with asthma
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Mimics sympathetic nervous system: dilates bronchus but also does everything else like raise HR, increase BP,
So nursing asst with bronchidilator: lsiten to lungs, check pulse BP and document prior to giving med |
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anticholineric use fo asthma
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(against acetylcholine- get same thign as if we went sympathomimetic) will also dilate airway
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xanthine derivatives for asthma
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Xanthine: chemical that is in caffiene (esp in peds asthma) theophylline**
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different formulations/options for beta 2 agonists (bronchodilators) aka sympathomimetics used in asthma
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1. oral
2. inhalers (short or long acting) |
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prototype beta 2 agonist (bronchodilator) for asthma
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Albuterol aka proventil
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facts about albuterol(aka proventil) beta 2 agonist bronchildator
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Used for COPD and asthma
Administered: tablet, liquid and by inhalation (MDI or nebulizer) Bronchodilation occurs within 5-15 minutes (inhalation) and within 30 minutes (tablet or liquid) Adv. Effects: related to sympathomimetc activity, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, angina pectoris, tremor |
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implication with albuterol (beta 2 agonist) and the formulation/preparation
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Albuterol: beta 2 agonist – used for anyone to open airways
Tablets or liquids as well as inhalation – get right route from order How quickly will it work? Depends on route ER situation used inhaled (works in 5 mins) Oral will take 30 mins for drug to work |
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side effects of albuterol aka proventil (beta 2 agonist)
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Side effects all sympathethomimetic: hr going up BP going up,
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contraindication for albuterol aka proventil (beta 2 agonist)
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(HTN and diabetes) HTN is a concern for a bronchodilator like albuterol- will still give it to a hypertensive pt to rescue airway but be aware BP will be more difficult to manage. Diabetes is contraindication –
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why is there a tight control on how albuterol is controlled and what is its relationship to oxymetazoline (afrin)
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Too much afrin – rebound nasal congestion
Too much albuterol= can cause rebound bronchoconstriction We don’t want pts to be huffing on albuterol at will because will make it worse Very tightly control how often albuterol is controlled |
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contraindications with albuterol aka proventil
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Contraindications and precautions: hypersensitivity and hypertension, cardiac disease, cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and seizures.
Overuse of albuterol may induce rebound bronchoconstriction, regardless of administration |
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patient education/nursing implciations with albuterol
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rescue drug, proper use of inhaler, frequency of inhaler use, limit caffeine, and refrain certain OTC medications
Albuterol is a rescue drug – purpose is to open airway quickly – this is not to keep airway open – not maintenance drug Tell them they will feel better in 5 mins Tell them to limit caffiene because caffiene is a bronchodilator Otc meds often have caffiene |
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anticholinergics for asthma
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Anticholinergic agents diminish the effect of acetylcholine, their terminal neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system
Use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs stops the bronchoconstriction that is caused by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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prototype anticholinergic respiratory agent for asthma
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Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
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difference between ipratropium bromide and albuterol (proventil)
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albuterol(proventil) is a beta 2 agonist sympathomimetic drug used as a bronchodilator and is a RESCUE drug for actue attacks
Ipratropium bromide is a maintenance drug and will not help with acute attacks |
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facts about ipratropium bromide
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Used for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, or COPD, off label use with asthma
Administered through oral inhalation or intranasal spray Antagonizes the action of acetylcholine by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors. |
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mechamism of action for ipatropium bromide
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an anticholinergic drug that
Antagonizes the action of acetylcholine by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors. |
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contraindications and cautious use with ipatropium bromide
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Contraindications: soya lecithin hypersensitivity, peanut oil, legumes, and soybean hypersensitivity; atropine, bromide, or fluorocarbon sensitivity
Cautious use: bladder obstruction, prostatic hypertrophy, closed-angle glaucoma |
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nursing implications for ipatropium bromide
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food interactions: ask about soy and legume allergy
we are concerned with patients in which its hard for things to flow: BPH hard for urine to flow and bladder obstruction and glaucoma* watch for these patients! |
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adverse effects of ipatropium bromide
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rare, paradoxic acute bronchospasm—usually seen with the first inhalation from a newly opened MDI; patient should “test-spray” three times before using a new MDI for the first time; anaphylactoid reaction; cough, hoarseness, throat irritation, or dysgeusia
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patient teaching with ipatropium bromide
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will not abort an asthma attack in progress
Ipratropium is maintenance drug so teach patient this drug will not help in a crisis. They will need a rescue inhaler aka albuterol. So its likely that patient is on both a bata 2 agonist albuterol and anticholinergic for maintenanece aka ipratropium If patient doesn’t have beta 2 agonist aka albuterol and they go into acute asthma attack: pt should call 911 bc this wont help Time is of the essense |
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Bronchodilator: Xanthine derivatives (to treat asthma) Prototype
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Prototype Xanthine derivative is Theophylline
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Xanthine derivatives
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The xanthine derivatives, including theophylline, aminophylline, diphylline, and caffeine, come from a variety of naturally occurring sources.
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Caffiene is a ______ form of bronchodilator
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xanthine derivative
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2 things the theophylline does1
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treats acute attacks and is a maintenance drug
Theophylline is for symptomatic relief or prevention (maintenance) so it does both.. Symptomatically reverses bronchospasm Also has unlabeled uses |
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Theophylline
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Is indicated for the symptomatic relief or prevention of bronchial asthma and reversal of bronchospasm associated with COPD
Well absorbed when given orally Directly relaxes the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract Contraindications: hypersensitivity, status asthmaticus, peptic ulcer |
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what is the unlabeled use of theophylline
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Unlabeled use: treatment of apnea and bradycardia in premature infants
Apnea is big problem in preterm babies Theophylline often used in peds as stimulant to keep them breathing treating apnea |
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true or false theophylline can also be given IV
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true
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cautious use with theophylline
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Cautious use: cardiac problems due to stimulatory effects, renal or hepatic disease
Adverse effects: related to serum level; normal serum level 10-20 micrograms/ml; greater than 30 micrograms/ml may result in death Many drug interactions: particularly H2 blockers (cimetidine/Tagamet or rantidine/Zantac) and antibiotics Smoking cigarettes may decrease serum theophylline levels, requiring dosages of up to 50% more Problem is theophylline has low narrow therapeutic range so at risk for toxicity (always chasing theophylline levels) *directly relaxes respiratory smooth muscle Stimulator like caffiene – so cardiac patients have problems with theophylline Serum levels for theophylline is a must** must check for toxicity. Draw every day Therapeutic theophylline level between 10 and 20 Below 10 they are not hterpautic Above 20 they are toxic 30 ppl die So now we usually use other drugs Interactions with histamine H2 (drugs for gerd) and antibiotics Issue bc COPD often get infections and take antibio |
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nursing implication with theophylline (xanthine derivative bronchodilator for asthma)
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very narrow therapeutic range, draw serum levels every day to make sure between 10 and 20, teach pt not to smoke, if smoke we are concerned with toxicity bc we will need to up the dose by 50%.
ask about antibiotic use bc there is interation |
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glucocorticoids
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The most effective anti-inflammatory drugs available for the management for respiratory disorders
May be given orally, parenterally, or by inhalation Peak effect in 1 to 2 week of regular use Used for maintenance drugs, not for acute respiratory symptoms Cautious use: active infection |
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only rescue class so far
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albuterol (beta 2 agonist)
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why glucocorticoids we are concerned about infection
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Steroids make immune system less effective (so concerned with infection – can run wild) big risk of using steroids – nasty nosocomial infection like VRE MRSA that we don’t have an antibiotic for
Also nasal steroid for allergic rhinitis we are concerned with infection, not just inahled |
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adverse effects and patient teaching with glucocorticoid inhalers
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Adverse effects: sore throat, hoarseness, coughing, dry mouth, and pharyngeal and laryngeal fungal infections
Patient teaching: rinsing of mouth after use; use spacer; use daily ** fungal infections – check pts oral cavity as part of assessment Looking for thrush Preventing fungal infection: rinse mouth after each use, spacer can help (ask physician to prescribe spacer) Use steroid daily* don’t miss it, because peak takes 1 week daily use, if u miss a day its like starting all over. Drugs usually end in sone (ex pednisone |
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prototype glucocorticoid
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beclomethasone and prednisone
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mast cell stabilizer prototype
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Cromolyn
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facts about mast cell stabilizers like cromolyn
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Used as a prophylactic agent in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma; as a nasal inhaler to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis; as an ophthalmic solution to treat allergic conjunctivitis
Improvement of symptoms takes several weeks of therapy Prevents breakdown of mast cell, which prevents release of histamine Ige antibody attaches to mast cell, punctures it, releasing all these chemicals Cromolyn: medicines make it much harder for mast cell to be prenetrated then cant release chemicals (keeps histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins inside) Revolutionized asthma care! Used prophylactically 100%: keeping mast cell in tact Allergic conjunctivitis: pink eye (allergy trigger not infectious) Usually patient doesn’t feel better for several weeks |
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contraindications/patient teaching with cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer)
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Contraindications: aerosol preparations in those with CAD or cardiac dysrhythmias
Adverse effect: bronchospasm throat irritation, and cough; lactose intolerance symptoms in oral preparations Patient teaching: use 15 to 20 minutes prior to engaging in precipitant to bronchospasm Aerosol preparations: start cardiac arrythmias Not a big deal because we have other preparations for cardiac patients – give them oral instead of inhaled Lactose intolerance: issue with oral preparation Lactose: milk sugar Lactase: enzyme body makes to digest lactose 1 trigger for asthma is exercise, smoking, hot to cold,pets, : if pt knows they will be around trigger then they should take medication 15-20 mins before and prevent them from having full blown bronchospasm |
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists
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Have been identified as important mediators in the pathology and symptomatology of both acute and chronic asthma
Action Decrease inflammation Decrease bronchoconstriction Decrease edema Decrease mucus production Decrease recruitment of inflammatory cells Leukotriene receptor antagonist: leukotrienes released by mast cell wont have a receptor to bind to! Revolutionized asthma management** Used as prophylaxis for the treatment of chronic asthma; unlabeled use: chronic idiopathic urticaria and dermatographism Relatively new; therapeutic niche has not been firmly established |
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leukotriene receptor antagonist prototype drug
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Montelukast (Singulair)
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