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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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________ should not be administered to children under the age of 18 because of the danger of _______.
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Aspirin, Reyes Syndrome
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Medications used to treat an acute attack of gout:
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colchines
NSAIDS corticosteroids |
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Medications used to prevent an attack of gout:
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allopurinol (Zyloprin)
probenecid (Benemid) |
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To prevent reoccurence of attacks of gout, individuals should:
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eat a low purine diet
limit beer, wine intake increase fluid intake to 2-3 L per day |
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________ is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a critical role in anxiety, depression, and sleep.
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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Pharmacologic interventions in insomnia include agents with the effect at the GABA receptors.
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Agents administered for sleep disorders include :
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Anti-anxiety agents: Benzodiazepines, anti-histamines, Azapirones, other agents.
Sedative-hypnotics agents: barbituates, non-barbituates, benzodiazepines |
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______ induces sleep because it potentiates the effects of GABA but is not used clinically to treat sleep disorders.
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alcohol
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The ______ are classified as anti-anxiety agents and decrease the excitiability of and functional activity of specific areas of the brain and spinal cord by potenitiating the effects of GABA
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Benzodiazepines
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In the case of benzodiazepine overdose, _______ can be admisitered.
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flumazenil (Romazicon)
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A _____is an agent that produces a state of calmness when given in divided doses. In high doses, a sedative becomes a ________.
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Sedative
hypnotic |
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A ______ is an agent given at bedtime to induce sleep usually in a larger dose than a sedative.
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hypnotic
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The _____ used to be the drugs of choice for sedation and hypnosis. In low doses these drugs increase the action of GABA and reduce neuronal excitability, especially in the reticular formation.
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Barbituates
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In higher doses, barbituates cause a general depression of the entire CNS. They should be used ONLY if non-barbituates don't work because of their narrow __________ _______.
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therapeutic index.
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________ are used during surgery as an anesthetic.
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Barbituates
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________ are used pre-operatively as a sedative.
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Benzodiazepines
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Remember - CNS depressants should not be used in the presence of _______ intake.
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alcohol
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_______ is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior, loss of conciousness, or all of these symptoms
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Epilepsy
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Nearly ____ % of all seizures do not have an identifiable cause and are referred to as _____ or _____ epilepsy.
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70%
primary idiopathic |
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Approx. ___% of seizures have an underlying cause and are called ___ epilepsy.
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30%
secondary |
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Epilepsy can be treated by __________ and used to be treated with ________ before the AED's were developed.
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anti-epileptic agents
barbituates |
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This category of drug is still used if the epilepsy can not be controlled by other agents.
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Barbituates
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The categories of AED's include:
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Hydantoin derivatives
succinimides valproates oxazolidilnediones others |
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AED catorgories listed under other are:
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carbamazepine (tegretol)
gabapentin (Neurontin) iamotrgine (Lamictal) tiagabine (Gabitril) |
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_____ ______ is a sustained seizure lasting at least 15 minutes
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Status epilepticus
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The benzos can be used IV to interupt a sustained seizure. Austin EMS uses IV _______. Some institutions use Ativan or Cerebyx administered IV push. Pediatric patients cna be given and rectal form of Valium.
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Valium
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The most prescribed anti-epileptic drug in the US is:
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phenytoin (Dilantin)
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The drug classification of choice for absence seizures is the _______. Patients taking this class of drugs often complain of _________.
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succinimides
epigastric |
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Many of the anti-epileptic drugs are being used to treat breakthrough _______.
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pain
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___ _____ is given IV to treat women during pregnancy if they become toxic and begin to have seizures.
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Magnesium sulfate
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Central nervous system stimulants quicken the activity of the CNS by increasing the neuronal discharges. They are used to:
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restore mental alertness
stimulate respiratory centers treat hyperactive children |
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Agents that are used therapeutically as CNS stimulants include:
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amphetamines
anorexiants analeptics- (stimulate breathing muscles, improve respiration) |
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_______ stimulate the release of norepinephrine which causes increased alertness, less fatigue and elevated mood.
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amphetamines
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Amphetamine uses include:
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narcolepsy
endogenous obesity ADHD depression withdrawal symptoms |
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_______ stimulate the CNS by acting directly on the cerebral cortex and medulla.
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Analeptics
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______ suppress the appetite control center in the hypothalamus. They are used for weight reduction when accompanied by medical complications.
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anorexiants
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Analeptic uses includes:
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produce wakefulness, alertness
overdose of CNS depressants migraine headaches respiratory depression OTC cold medications and analgesics |
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Schizophrenia is thought to be associated with too much dopamine in the brain which causes patients to exhibit _______ symptoms (an excess or distortion of some normal function.)
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positive
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Schizophrenia also causes patients to exhibit _____ symptoms (reflections of a loss or diminution of normal functions).
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negative
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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are:
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delusions, hallucinations, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are:
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affective flattening or blunting (lack of emotion)
alosia: (poverty of speech) anhedonia: (inability to exp. pleasure) asociality: (inability to form close relationships with others) avolition: (lack of desire, motivation) Inattentiveness |
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These type of antipsychotics block dopamine type 2 receptors (D2) in the brain. While they control positive symptoms of schizo. they did not control negative symptoms.
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Typical (First Generation)
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Serious/major side effects of Typical (First Generation) drugs for schizo.:
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sexual disfunction
Serious movement disorders Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic (SIADH) Thermoregulatory effects Cardiovascular effects weight gain glucose and lipid metabolism gastointestinal/hepatic effects occular effects cutaneous effects |
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Some of the serious movement disorder(EPS) side effects of Typical (First Generation) schizo. drugs are:
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Dystonia (sustained muscle contration, causes twisting and repetitive movements)
Akathisia (can't sit still, restless) bradykinesia and pseudoparkinsonism - (slow movement) Tardive dyskinesia - (involuntary repetitive movement) |
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_________ antipsychotics block serotonin receptors in addition to dopamine receptors in the brain. They control the positive and the negative symptoms and have few side effects/adverse effects.
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Atypical (Second Generation)
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The side effects/adverse effects of the Atypical antipsychotics are:
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Movement disorders (minimal)
seizures metabolic endocrine cardiovascular sedation hematologic anticholinergic occular hepatic |
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_____ ______ can be used to decrease anxiety and are used as adjunctive therapy to the typical and atypical antipsychotic agents.
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Anti-anxiety agents
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Affective disorders can also be described as mood disturbances. Depressive disorders are considered mood disorders. __________ is the most common affective disorder.
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Depression
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Affective disorders are classified based on presumed origin as follows:
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Reactive depression (exogenous)
Major depression (unipolar, endogenous) Bipolar Affective (Manic-Depressive) |
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Reactive Depression (Exogenous)is most common and occurs in response to:
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real stimuli such as grief, illness
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Major Depression(Unipolar, Endogenous) is manifested by:
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inability to experience ordinary pleasure or to cope with ordinary life events
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Bipolar Affective (Manic-Depressive) is characterized by:
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Very manic episodes occuring periodically throughout a major depressive episode in a cyclical manner.
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The current biogenic amine theory proposes that there is a ______ and ________ deficiency in individuals with a depressive disorder.
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Norepinephrine
Seretonin |
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Name the antidepressants that are mainly used in the management of Endogenous/Major Depression:
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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's)s
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MOA's) Atypical antidepressants |
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Patients taking antidepressants complain of what?
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weight gain
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Patients taking antidepressants must be monitored for _____ _____, especially after they begin feeling better and regain some level of energy
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suicidal tendencies
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MOA's CANNOT be taken if the individual is eating a diet containing ________. If these foods are eaten while taking the MAO inhibitor, the individual will suffer a massive _______ _______
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tyramine
hypertensive emergency |
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Bipolar disorders include the occurence of depressive episodes and ____ ___ _____ elated mood episodes. The mood swing episodes are generally ______ to life events.
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One or more
unrelated |
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There is thought to be increased ________ activity in Bipolar disorders. Drugs that ______ this activity tend to exacerbate mania, whereas drugs that _____ this activity of norepinephrine ______ mania.
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catecholamine
increase reduce relieve |
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Treatment of bipolar disorders is directed towards supportive psychotherapy as well as medication management to control acute mania symptoms and _____ mood.
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stabilize
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Agents that can be used to normalize catecholamine activity (stabilize mood) in patients with bipolar disorders include:
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Lithium
anticonvulsants neuroleptic agents benzodiazapines |
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Lithium has a _____ _____ _____ and therefore can become _____ very easily. As a result, patients taking Lithium must have their ______ ______ regularly. They must also drink __ to __ liters of water everyday.
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narrow therapeutic index
toxic blood levels 2 to 3 |
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Signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity include:
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
fine hand tremors severe thirst/dehydration gout metallic taste in mouth photosensitivity |
