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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry to the circulating fluids of the body (blood and lymph) for distribution.
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Absorption
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Occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken for a doubled effect.
e.g. hydrocodone with acetaminophen |
Additive Effect
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Acronym for the four pharmokinetic stages that drugs go through once administered
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ADME
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Any noxious, unintended or undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy.
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Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR's) / Adverse Drug Event (ADE's)
ADE's account for more than 2.1 million injuries and 100,000 deaths each year. Many are related to med errors. Remember: no drug has only one mechanism or action. No drug is truly safe and any drug has the potential to cause an ADE. |
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Drugs that react with a receptor site to stimulate a response
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Agonist
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An individual hypersensitivity to a substance; usually an antigen/antibody response.
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Allergic reactions
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Drugs that attach to a receptor site, but do not stimulate a response
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Antagonist
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One drug interferes with the action of another
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Antagonistic effect
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The process by which the body inactivates drugs. The enzyme systems of the liver are primarily responsible for this task.
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Biotransformation
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The ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous.
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Carcinogenicity
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used by chemist to formulate the drug (the chemical constitution and molecular groups)
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Chemical name
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(1970) AKA Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, it promotes research on drug abuse, prevention of drug abuse through education, treatment, and rehab for drug-dependant persons, and enhancement of law enforcement. It also created the classification system for controlled substances that are used today to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of drugs
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Controlled Substance Act
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the increased activity demonstrated by a drug when repeated doses accumulate in the body and exert a greater biologic effect than the initial dose.
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Cumulative action
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The intended therapeutic effect
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Desired action
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When a second drug is introduced after the first, causing the first drug administered to increase in activity
Ex: warfarin with phenytoin = increased phenytoin effect (and possible toxicity issues) |
Displacement
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refers to the ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of actins (receptors), metabolism and excretion.
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Distribution
*occurs via the blood and lumphatic system |
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Amount of medication the physician prescribes to be administered
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Dosage
*most often measured in milligrams |
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The use of a single-unit package of drugs that are dispensed to fill each dose requirement as it is ordered.
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Unit dose
*Package will be labled with the drug's name (generic/brand, manufacturer, lot number and expiration date) |
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A therapeutic substance (other than food) used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease
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Drug
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Occurs when the body cannot metabolize previous dosages.
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Drug accumulation
*May result in toxicity *May be rapid (IV) or insidious (slowly harmful) in occurrence |
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The amount of drug found (assayed) in the blood
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Drug blood level
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Occurs when a person is unable to control the ingestion of a chemical substance. Can be physical or psychological.
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Drug dependence
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The pharmacological result, either desirable or undesirable, of drugs interaction with other drugs with endogenous physiologic chemical agents (MAOIs with epinephrine) with components of the diet, and with chemicals used in diagnostic tests or the results of such tests
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Drug interactions
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The delivery of drugs into the GI system, either orally, through tubes, or rectally.
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Enteral
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Medication treated (tablets, spansule, capsules) to delay absorption until it reaches the intestines
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Enteric Coated
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The elimination of drug metabolites and in some cases the drug itself, from the body
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Excretion
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The hastening of the usual investigational new drug approval process by the FDA and pharmaceutical companies in response to a public health threat.
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Expedited Drug Approval
*Drugs that are shown to have promising results in early phases of clinical studies are given to qualified patients and the drug approval process is shortened if the drug continues to show promise. |
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This act required drug manufacturers to apply for an investigational new drug exemption for safety review BEFORE marketing new drugs. Also placed regulations on product safety and health inspections on food products and cosmetics.
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Food drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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The amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body
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Half-life
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A chemical substance formed in a tissue or organ and carried to the blood; stimulates or inhibits the growth or function of one or more other tissues or organs
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Hormone
*Greek- "to arouse or set in motion" |
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A reaction that occurs when two drugs are mixed together, resulting in a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs
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Incompatibility
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A drug that has not been approved for marketing by the FDA, but is available for use in experiments to determine its safety and efficacy.
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Investigational new drug
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Pertaining to a small area of the body
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Local
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The number of grams of solute dissolved in 1 mL of a normal solution. The concentrations of Elytes in a certain volume of solution.
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Milliequivalent (mEq)
Ex of Elyte: mEq/L Potassium |
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Pertaining to the treatment other than through the digestive system. Usually refers to injections IV, SubQ and IM
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Parenteral
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The study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs. It examines the physiochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with suitable body receptors
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Pharmacodynamics
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The study or science of drugs
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Pharmacology
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Inert, inactive nonspecific substances that have no pharmacological properties and cannot affect the patient physically
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Placebo
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The physician's, dentist's or nurse practitioner's medications orders.
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Perscription
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Some drugs have an affinity to bind with plasma proteins in the blood stream. When attached to THESE proteins, the drug is pharmacologically inactive.
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Protein-bound drugs
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Expected, well-known reactions that result in little or no change in patient management. Intensity and occurence of side effects are related to the size of the dose. These are unwanted or undesirable effects and can be harmful.
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Side effects
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Generalized; affecting the entire body. Drugs are absorbed into the vascular system and transported to various receptor sites.
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Systemic
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The desired or intended effect of a particular medication
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Therapeutic effect
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Harmful, pertaining to poison
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Toxic/Toxicity
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The final name given to a drug; also called the proprietary name or brand name. These are registered and it's use is restricted to the owner of that drug.
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Trade name
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Topical drug administered that is used to administer drugs systemically. This method bypasses the liver and its first-pass effects. It is suitable for patients who cannot tolerate orally administered medications.
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Transdermal
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A drug circulating in the blood stream that is pharmacologically active
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Unbound drug
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Pertaining to the process, condition or substance that causes the constriction of blood vessels, thereby causing an elevation of blood pressure.
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Vasopressor (Vasoconstrictor)
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An organic compound that is essential (in small quantities) for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body
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Vitamin
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