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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacodynamics
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Study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs
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Buzz connection for pharmacodynamics
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Dynamics = Drug Mechanism
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What is the study of drug mechanisms of action?
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pharmacodynamics
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What is the study of pharmacokinetics concerned with?
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The absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs
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What is is the term that is related to the concentration of drugs in the body....how much is in the body...how long they take to break down
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pharmacokinetics
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What is the science concerned with history, sources, physical & chemical properties of drugs and way they effect living systems?
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Pharmacology
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Pharmacology is concerned with the property of drugs and what else?
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The way they effect living systems
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This is the division of pharmacology that is the study of how drugs are used in the treatment of illness.
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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This is the division of pharmacology that decides which drug to use and which dose to use.
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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This is the study of herbal and natural sources of drugs
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Pharmacognosy
SOURCES of drug - pharmacognoSY |
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This is the study of making synthetic versions from natural sources
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Pharmacognosy
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This is the division of pharmacology that is specifically concerned with poisons and poisoning.
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Toxicology
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There are four major sources of drugs. What are they?
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Natural Sources
2. Semi-synthetic produced 3. Synthetically produced 4. Biotechology |
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Speaking of drug sources, this source includes chemical reactions in a laboratory.
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Synthetically produced
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Speaking of drugs sources, this includes insulins from animals and kaopectate from clay.
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Natural sources
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Drug sources:
Digitoxin from plants |
Natural sources
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Drug sources:
Some human insulin products |
Semi-synthetic produced
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Drug sources:
made in a lab so it is very pure |
Synthetically produced
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Drug sources:
Natural sources that are chemically modified |
Semi-synthetic produced
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Drug sources:
Manipulation of proteins, gene splicing |
Biotechnology
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Drug sources:
HGH, hep-b vaccine |
Biotechnology
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Drug sources:
Permits the large scale industrial production |
Biotechnology
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Drug sources:
Synthroid |
Synthetically produced
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What are the six major sources of uses of drugs?
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Symptomatic treatment
Preventative drugs Diagnostic drug Curative drugs Health maintenance Contraceptive drug |
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Give an example of a drug that is used for symptomatic treatment.
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aspirin to relieve fever
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Example of a drug usage:
Helps the doctor determine if a disease is present |
diagnostic drugs
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Examples of this type of drug usage include vitamins and minerals
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preventative drugs
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Examples of this type of drug usage include vaccines
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preventative drugs
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Examples of this type of drug usage include antibiotics
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curative drugs
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Examples of this type of drug usage include anti hypertensive
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health maintenance
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What makes a tablet the most popular, easiest to administer drug form?
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it can be scored or unscored for easy division, and it is easily swallowed
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If a drug is enteric, what does that mean?
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It is coated. It prevents disolve in the stomach, but lets the drug bypass to the small intestine for disolving.
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Why would you not want to chew an enteric coated drug?
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Can irritate the stomach, or chemically alter the drug....(stomach has a low ph)
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What is an important thing to avoid when administering an enteric drug?
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milk or antacids..same ph problem as in the stomach
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This drug form has localized drug effect in the mouth and is a drug that is better distributed in the stomach.
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Chewable tablets
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This drug form is placed in the inner cheek and is disolved in the mouth
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Buccal
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This drug form is enclosed, sometimes in gelatin, and it disolves in the stomach in 10 to 20 minutes.
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capsules they can be hard or soft
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What is the difference between hard and soft capsules?
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hard have two sides that can be opened by nurse and put in food or in tube
soft have liquid med or beads of med that release drug at different times...sustained release action. Don't break SOFT open. |
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This type of drug form disolves slowly in mouth.
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troches
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This drug form is also called an antiseptic or antistetic.
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Troches
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Suppository is inserted into body orifice and has a ____________ effect, or may ________________________.
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Localized affect or may enter the blood stream
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Clear liquid that contains a solvent. DRUG FORM
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Solution
SOLVENT - SOLUTION |
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Sweetened solution used to mask bad tasty drugs. Diabetics need to have the sugar free form. DRUG FORM
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Syrup
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Liquid drug form that contains alcohol.
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Elixir
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Another term for Eye Solution
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Ophthalmic
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Another term for Ear Solution
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Otic
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Solution for a body cavity
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Douche
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Liquid drug form that has solid drug particles floating in liquid.
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Suspension
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It is important to do THIS to a suspension.
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Shake it bedside
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Liquid drug form that is oil in water or water in oil.
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Emulsion
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Mineral oil is an example of an emulsion. Is it oil in water or water in oil?
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Water in oil
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Which emulsion is usually used topically?
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water in oil
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What two drug forms must be shaked bedside?
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Suspensions and emulsions
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Castor oil is oil in water or water in oil?
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oil in water
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What are three topical dosage forms?
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Ointments
Creams Gels |
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Topical dosage forms have three ways they are delivered. What are they?
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Semisolids
Patches (transdermal therapeutic systems)..make sure to wash the skin before replacing Implants |
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This is a single liquid dose.
PARENTERAL PRODUCT |
ampule
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This has a rubber diaphragm and may have more than one dose in it.
PARENTERAL PRODUCT |
vial
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This is the first name assigned to a drug ever in its life.
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Chemical name
describes the chemical structure of the drug |
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This is the name that the pharm company gives to the drug prior to marketing it. It is usually easier than the chemical name.
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Generic name
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This is the drug name give to the drug by the pharm. company that is used by the company that registers the drug.
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Brand or Trade name
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Example of this controlled substance level is tylenol with codeine or hydrocodone.
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Schedule 3
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Example of this controlled substance level is librium & valium.
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Schedule 4
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This controlled substance level includes cocaine, demerol, oxycodone, ritaline and morphine.
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Schedule 2
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This controlled substance level has heroine and lsd and it is important to remember this about this level.
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Schedule 1 - NO ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE
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This level of controlled substance has a limited amount of narcotic drug in it.
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Schedule 5
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Give an example of a Schedule 6 drug and the description for this level.
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Marijuana...limited medicinal uses
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This drug action slows the growth of a cell.
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Alter cell function
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An example of this drug action is antacids.
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Drugs that alter chemical composition of body fluids.....acidity altered by the antacid.
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There are three principles of drug action that alter or interact with the body. List them.
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2. Alter chemical composition of body fluids
3. Accumulate in tissue 4. Form Chemical Bonds with receptors in body |
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An example of this type of drug action is anesthesia.
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Drugs that accumulate in tissue
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This type of drug action refer to the lock & key concept...drug has an effinity for a certain area..drug mimics that specific spot.
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Drugs form chemical bonds with receptors in the body
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This is a drug action that binds to the receptor & stimulates its function....it mimics body functions
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Agonist
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Give an example of an agonist narcotic.
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Morphine
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Why is morphine an agonist?
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Because it binds with central nervous system receptors and stimulats function of that receptor
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What is an antagonist?
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It prevents receptor stimulation and binds to receptor and depresses it. It can take the spot on the receptor, bind to a different receptor and block the cascade or other ways, but it depresses and reverses an agonist.
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What is the difference between side effects and adverse effects?
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Adverse are always bad
Side effects can be good |
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What are side effects and adverse effects from?
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They are resulting from the normal pharmacological effects of a drug
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Toxic effects are those related to the ______________ ______________.
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dosage administered. All drugs are capable of producing toxic effects.
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Allergic reactions are not caused from what? but instead are caused by this.
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They are not a result of the pharacological effects of the drug, but rather a response of the client's immunological system to the presence of the drug. Prior sensitization of teh drug is generally required.
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What is a drug safety?
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Dosage range between therapeutic & toxic amount
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What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
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completely different effect on the patient than the intended effect. Usually happens on the first exposure. Old people with Adivan is the example.
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This type of side effect causes congenital defects
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Tetragenic
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When does drug tolerance occur?
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When the client requires a higher dose or more frequent administration to produce the desired drug effect
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What is another name for a drug safety?
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therapeutic index (TI)
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What is the formula for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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TI= ld 50/ed 50
lethal dose that will kill 50% effective dose that helps 50% |
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Drug tolerance is a symptom of ____ ______ ______.
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physical drug dependence
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Withdrawl symptoms are present and the body can not function without the drug.
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Physical drug dependence
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This is the term for when the drug is the center of a person's thoughts emotions and activities. Physical effects are not present when it is withdrawn.
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Psychological drug dependence
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This term means the absorption efficiency of a particular drug formulation.
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Bioavailability
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When two drugs contain the same drug results in the same degree of bioavailability, the products are said to be _________________.
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bioequivalent
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The process by which a drug passes from its site of administration into the fluids of the body that will carry it to its site(s) of action.
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absorption
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Process by which a drug is carried from absorption site to active site.
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Distribution
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This is the first step in the passage of a drug through the body.
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absorption.
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Most drugs are absorbed here.
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Small intestine
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What are some things that may affect a drug's absorption rate?
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Where it is administered
If there is food in the stomach |
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What parts of the body receive the distribution of drugs most rapidly?
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Areas with high blood supply
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What is the situation with anesthetics and fat?
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Fat will hold on to anesthetics and slowly release it back into the blood stream
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What is the deal with albumin and distribution?
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It binds to proteins, so you have to have a high enough level administered to have it released.
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What will allow a drug that is protein bound to be released for distribution?
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Plasma concentrations diminish allowing distribution
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To be eliminated from the body by way of the kidneys, drugs have to be fairly water soluble. What is the name of the process that helps the drugs become more water soluble?
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biotransformation (or metabolism)
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Other than making a drug more water soluble, what else does biotransformation do?
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it permits the body to inactivate a potent drug before it accumulates and produces a toxic effect.
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Where does biotransformation occur, and what assists it?
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in the liver. microbial enzymes
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What is the most important spot for elimination of a drug?
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Kidney.although also feces, respirtory tract, breast milk, salive or sweat
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What are the two ways that a kidney can eliminate a drug?
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glomerular filtration- into the renal tubule
tubule secretion - more rapid than glomerular filtration |
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The time interval required for elimination processes to reduce the concentration of a drug in the body to one half of what it was at the beginning of the time interval.
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drug half-life
elimination half-life |
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When the elimination rate of the drug is equivalent to its rate of absoprtion, it is called....
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the peak plasma level
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The highest plasma level achieved by a single administration of drug....NOT CUMULATIVE.
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the peak plasma level
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Oral admin of a drug would produce a graph of drug action that resembled a -------.
IV admin of a drug would create a graph that resembed a --------. |
hill
slide (because it bypassed absorption) |
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What does MEC stand for?
What does it mean? |
Minimum effective concentration
The minimum level required to illicit a phrmacological response |
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What is MTC?
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Minimum toxic concentration...level in which toxic effects of the drug are observed
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What is the goal level to maintain with a drug action?
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Between the MEC and the MTC
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What might be required to keep a drug within the therapeutic plasma level?
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a loading dose to immediately get the drug levels in the plasma above the MEC
(for most drugs it has been observed that four or five drug half lifes have to elapse before this plateau is achieved) |
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What will an increased BMR do to a drug in the body?
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It will metabolize it more rapidily and remove it from the body
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Two drugs are administered and one decreases the effectiveness of the other.
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Antagonistic drug interaction
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Two drugs are administered and one increases the effectiveness of the other.
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Synergistic drug interaction
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Drug interactions can be ____________or _______________.
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desirable or undesirable.
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When the term vital signs is used, what does it include?
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temperature
pulse respirations blood pressure tprbp |
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List the responsibilities of the nurse for DRUG ADMINISTRATION.
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1. Get Medication History
2. Identify Outcomes for patient 3. Physical Assessment 4. Prepare Drugs 5. Evaluate Outcomes |
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What does it mean to evaluate outcomes?
DRUG ADMINISTRATION |
Is medication giving desired efffect?
Is it effective? |
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What does a meniscus cup convert for you?
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ounces to ml
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What is the first step in preparing drugs?
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wash hands
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What is the second step in preparing drugs?
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gather all supplies
3. enough light 4. no distractions |
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With the physical assessment, you first take the vitals, then you need to find out other information. Name some of it.
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Who is going to be able to pick up the drugs?
Can patient afford drugs? |
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Making sure the client can take the medicine and knows what the medicine is for, along with the possible side effects, fall under what part of the drug administration requirements and methods for a nurse?
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Identify outcomes
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What are the seven rights of medication administration?
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1. the right DRUG
2. the right DOSE 3. the right CLIENT 4. the right TIME 5. the right ROUTE 6. the right DOCUMENTATION 7. the right to REFUSE |
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What are the first three rights of medication administration?
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Drug
Dose Client |
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What are the last four rights of medication administration/
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Time
Route Documentation Refuse |
