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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pharmacotherapeutics
pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics toxicity |
What are the 4 branches of study in Pharmacology?
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pharmacotherapeutics
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The branch of pharm that is concerned with drugs used to prevent disorders and/or diagnose and treat disease.
"Clinical pharmacology" |
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pharmacodynamics
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Branch of pharm that is a mechanism of action and observable effects, both biochemical and physiological. (i.e. how and why the drugs act on the body.) --- interactions btwn foreign chemicals and living tissues at the molecular and physiological level.
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pharmacokinetics
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The branch of pharmacology that deals with movement of drugs through the body... what the BODY does to the DRUG.
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toxicity
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study of harmful effects
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pharmacokinetics
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absorption
distribution metabolism or biotransformation excretion |
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Pharmacology
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The study of drugs and their interaction with living organisms.
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drugs
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What does pharmako mean?
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study of or science
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What does logos mean?
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outweigh
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Beneficial effects _________ harmful effects for most patients, most of the time.
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Drug
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from Greek word meaning harm
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Drug
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a chemical agent other than food that is capable of interacting with living organisms to produce biochemical effects
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True
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T or F
All drugs have more than ove effect - all have multiple effects. |
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therapeutic
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For each drug group we will learn several ___________ effects and several side effects.
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Therapeutic effect
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the effect for which the drug is administered.
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Side effect
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any effect of a drug other than the one for which the drug is administered.
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Untoward effect
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a side effect regarded as harmful or very unpleasant to the individual.
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cure
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With a few exceptions, drugs do not ____ a disease, they merely relieve the symptoms.
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antibiotic
chemotherapeutic agents |
What are the exceptions to the statement "drugs do not cure a disease, they merely relieve the symptoms."
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All drugs are a potential poison.
All drugs have more than one effect - all have multiple effects. drugs dont cure disease, they relieve the symptoms |
What are the "cardinal" or general rules of drug action?
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legislation
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No ___________ until 20th century. Through the 1800s, patent medicines, tonics, elixirs, etc. - most worthless.
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Life was moving from rural to urban life styles, and needed food preservatives.
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Why did America need a change in the 1879 to 1906, industrial wise?
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tetanus
serum from horse |
In 1901, 10 children died during a diptheria epidemic, only they didn't die from diptheria. What did they die from and how did they get it?
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1. Required drugs to be labeled and manufactured according to standards set in U.S.P. and N.F.
2. Listed eleven narcotic and habit-forming drugs and required that they be labeled. 3. Too many loopholes - drugs did not have to be safe OR effective. |
What are the laws in the 1906 - Pure food and drug act?
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Pure Food and Drug Act - 1906
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1. Required drugs to be labeled and manufactured according to standards set in U.S.P. and N.F.
2. Listed eleven narcotic and habit-forming drugs and required that they be labeled. 3. Too many loopholes - drugs did not have to be safe OR effective. |
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Elixir of Sulfanilamide Incident (Antiinfective)
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What happened in 1937 that caused 107 deaths?
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Elixir
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good tasting preparation of drugs combined with alcohol, sugar, and some aromatic or pleasant smelling substance.
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Diethylene glycol (antifreeze mixture)
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What was the solvent that was used in the Elixir of Sulfanilamide Incident (Antiinfective)?
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"mislabeling" - elixir implied alcohol
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What law did the company brake in Elixir of Sulfanilamide Incident (Antiinfective) ?
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
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What act was established in 1938?
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
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1. Safety insured - drug companies test for toxicity in animals and in clinical trails before petitioning FDA for approval.
2. Quality and purity of origin assured - must conform to standards outlined in two official publications (U.S.P. and N.F.) 3. Labeling improved a. Habit-forming drugs named and strength given; "warning" on label. b. label must have adequate direction for use; dosages for adults, infants, and children; limitations or contraindications. |
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1. Safety insured - drug companies test for toxicity in animals and in clinical trails before petitioning FDA for approval.
2. Quality and purity of origin assured - must conform to standards outlined in two official publications (U.S.P. and N.F.) 3. Labeling improved a. Habit-forming drugs named and strength given; "warning" on label. b. label must have adequate direction for use; dosages for adults, infants, and children; limitations or contraindications. |
What are the 3 laws in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)?
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1952 - Durham-Humphrey Amendment
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Distinguishes prescription drugs from over-the-counter drugs (no prescription)
Expanded laws on dispensing of prescription drugs oral or telephone prescriptions; refills vs. renewals. Each state controls physicians lisense to prescribe non-controlled legend drugs. |
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legend drugs
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"Caution, Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed.
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Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments (1962)
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What amendment or act:
Drug must be effective as well as safe. 1. Senator ________ started investigating drug industry in 1958. 2. Thalidomide incident helped legislation pass. -expanded experimental data necessary to determine safety (need more animal testing before human testing approved) - drugs usefullness (effectiveness) must outweigh dangers. |
