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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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niclosamide MOA
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uncouples oxidative metabolism; tapeworm scolex releases from the intestinal wall
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praziquantal MOA
(know this one for sure) |
opens calcium channels to cause muscular tetany; spastic paralysis; causes tegmental damage which activates the host immune system
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albendazole, mebendazole MOA(know this one for sure)
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inhibits synthesis of microtubules needed for glucose uptake -> decrease [glycogen] and [ATP] -> death
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thiabendazole MOA
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inhibits mitochondrial fumurate reductase
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diethylcarbamazine MOA
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immobilizes microfilariae via decreased muscular activity: also alters surface membranes to make organism more susceptible to host immune defenses
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pyrantel pamoate, levamisole MOA
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ganglionic nicotinic cholinergic agonists = muscular tetany
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piperazine MOA
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a GABA agonist at chloride channel in NM junction -> flaccid muscle paralysis
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ivermectin MOA
(know this one for sure) |
releases GABA and inc GABA binding -> facilitate opening of chloride channels in NM junction -> flaccid muscle paralysis in helminths, insects and ectoparasites may also cause tonic paralysis of musculature of nematodes via glutamate-gated Cl- channels found only in invertebrates
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Cestodes (tapeworms) DOC on exams
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niclosamide (remember flat like a nickel)
(2nd is praziquantal, then mebendazole) |
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roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) tx
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albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine
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pinworm, hookworm, whipworm, trichinosis tx
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mebendazole
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threadworm DOC
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ivermectin
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Trematodes (flukes) = Schistosoma DOC
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praziquantel
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patient passes tape worm segments (proglottids) - most likely Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) or a patient who likes to eat sushi passes tapeworm segments - most likely to be Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) - treat with?
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niclosamide or praziquantel
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Tx cysticercosis with
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albendazole
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unknown worm tx
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Praziquantel
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Baby w anal itching (pruritis) and a postive “cellophane tape” test =
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pinworm infestation - tx w mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
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Patient w mixed infestation = cestode (tapeworm) + trematode (fluke)
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praziquantel
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DOC for Giardia, Trichomonas and C. dificile infections
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Metronidazole - active against anaerobes protozoa and bacteria
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Metronidazole MOA
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reduced to active nitroderivative that inhibits DNA replication
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Metronidazole S/E
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disulfiram-like reaction w EtOH Headache, n/v, flushing: teratogenic
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DOC for PJP
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Trim-sulfa
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acute hemolysis in patient with malaria treated w:
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primaquine = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
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S/E's of chloroquine =
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tinnitus, headache, resistant strains
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DOC for prophylaxis for areas with chloroquine-resistant strains
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mefloquine
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DOC for tx of chloroquine-resistant malaria
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sulfadoxine - pyrimethamine bx it has a different MOA than chloroquine.
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sulfadoxine - pyrimethamine MOA
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sulfadoxine MOA: inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
pyrimethamine MOA: inhibits DHF reductase, can cause megaloblastic anemia |
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chloroquine MOA
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blocks DNA/RNA synthesis
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Acyclovir medical use
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for HSV
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Acyclovir MOA
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MOA: acyclovir (acycloguanosine) is converted to acyclovir-monophosphate by thymidine kinase. Other enzymes convert it to acyclovir-triphosphate (acyclo-GTP)which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
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resistance to acyclovir by what mechanism?
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a mutation which causes a deficiency of thymidine kinase
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immunocompromised patient w mucocutaneous HSV infection
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tx with acyclovir
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patient w HSV encephalitis
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treat with acyclovir
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patient w genital HSV infection
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treat with acyclovir
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Keratoconjunctivitis caused by HSV
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treat with trifluridine (trifluororthymidine)
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Ganciclovir med use
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for CMV
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Gancyclovir MOA
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phosphorylated to a triphosphate which inhibits DNA polymerase (triphosphate a competitive substrate w deoxyguanosine triphosphate for incorporation into DNA – stops DNA chain elongation to inhibit DNA synthesis
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immunocompromised patient w CMV infection
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treat with gancyclovir
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Idoxuridine medical use
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for ocular herpes
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Amantidine medical use
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influenza prophylaxis, prevents uncoating
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Zidovudine (AZT = azidothymidine) MOA
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converted to an active triphosphate which either inhibits viral DNA polymerase(reverse transcriptase) or is incorporated into DNA in the place of thymidine to stop
DNA chain elongation. |
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Zidovudine (AZT = azidothymidine) S/E
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bone marrow depression and anemia
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saquinavir
|
HIV protease inhibitors, inhibit HIV aspartic protease which converts polyproteins into functional core proteins and viral enzymes
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Interferons MOA
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MOA: causes protein synthesis:
- 2,5 adenine synthetase - makes adenylate oligomers which activate RNAse to degrade viral RNA - protein kinase phosphorylates elongation factor 2 to prevent peptide viral chain initiation - PDEase degrades terminal nucleotide of t-RNA to inhibit viral peptide chain elongation |
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Interferons Net effects
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- interferes w viral penetration, uncoating, assembly and release
- interferes w the synthesis of viral mRNA - inhibition of the translation of viral mRNA |
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Amphotericin B MOA
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binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes to form pores which increases the permeability of the fungal membrane, cells lose ions and macromolecules; enhances penetration of other antifungal drugs such as flucytosine
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Amphotericin B S/E
|
clinical usefulness is limited by its nephrotoxicity
- histological damage to renal tubules w cell necrosis - renal tubular acidosis (a defect of renal function that produces systemic acidosis because bicarbonate ion cannot be reabsorbed in the PT or DT). - hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis renal toxicity can be avoided by giving mannitol to induce a high rate of urinary flow |
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Amphotericin B resistance
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Resistance from decreased membrane ergosterol or altered structure of ergosterol
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DOC for Coccidioides immitis and Aspergillus infections
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Amphotericin B on old USMLE
clinically DOC for Aspergillis is voriconazole and DOC for Coccidiodes is fluconazole. |
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Ketoconazole MOA
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inhibits fungal CYP450 which prevents the demethylation of lanosterol to ergosterol, so blocks cell wall synthesis
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why is ketoconazole contraindicated in a patient receiving tx w amphoteracin B?
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because ketoconazole will BLOCK the antifungal actions of amphoteracin B
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Ketoconazole med use
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Used to tx Candida infections, also effective against Coccidioides immitis
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Ketoconazole s/e
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inhibits CYP450 to increase the plasma conc of other drugs, esp. cyclosporine in transplant patients;
- inhibits adrenal 17alpha & scc CYP450’s = adrenal insufficiency and decrease [testosterone] & [estradiol] = gynecomastia & decrease libido & potency in males; menstrual irregularities in females |
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Flucytosine MOA
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converted to fluorouracil which inhibits thymidylate synthesis and thus inhibits DNA synthesis
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Flucytosine resistance
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Fungal resistance to flucytosine develops rapidly and limits its clinical effectiveness, so amphoterecin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, or flucytosine and amphoterecin B are given together
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Flucytosine S/E
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bone marrow depression, limits clinical usefulness
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Flucytosine and Ampho B
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Ampho B enhances the penetration of flucytosine: synergistic antifungal activity
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Which drug is selectively toxic to fungi because mammalian cells are unable to
catalyze its deamination? |
flucytosine
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DOC for ring worm
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Griseofulvin
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Griseofulvin MOA
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disrupts mitotic spindle by interacting w polymerized microtubules; fungal mitosis is inhibited
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Griseofulvin med use
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used to tx dermatophytes w hypae = Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton.
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Penicillin MOA
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interact w penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit transpeptidation and peptidoglycan synthesis; cell wall synthesis is inhibited.
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Penicillin clearance
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Eliminated by renal tubular secretion. Probenecid increases the t1/2 by inhibiting renal secretion (clearance). The [PCN] in serum increase whereas the [PCN] in the urine decrease
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clavulanate, sulbactam & tazobactam inhibit:
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bacterial beta-lactamases (penicillinases)
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methcillin, nafcillin
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acid labile beta-lactamase resistant penicillin
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oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin
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acid stable beta-lactamase resistant penicillin
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imipenem/cilastatin
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imipenem, which is resistant to beta-lactamase, is metabolized by renal tubular dihydropeptidases. Cilastatin inhibits these renal peptidases to decrease the renal clearance of imipenem = increased half-life of imipenem
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Cephalosporins have the same MOA as
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penicillins
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patient w gonorrhea - tx w penicillin for 8 weeks - patient returns with similar
symptoms but no diplococci in urine (no longer has gonorrhea) - patient has what? |
Chlamydia infection - tx w tetracycline unless patient is a PG female, then tx w erythromycin
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patient has Streptococcus infection and is allergic to PCNs
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tx w erythromycin
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Vancomycin, i.v. MOA
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bactericidal; blocks cell wall synthesis by preventing the release of sugar-glycan pentapeptide linked to a phospholipid in the cell wall
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Clostridium difficile occurs w i.v. vancomycin, tx?
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Metronidazole (DOC) or vancomycin
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Aminoglycosides MOA
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bactericidal; binds to 30S subunit = interfere w initiation complex of peptide formation, causes misreading of mRNA and break polysomes into non-functional monosomes
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Aminoglycosides and PCNs
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PCNs increase the penetration of Aminoglycosides, synergistic
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Aminoglycosides S/E
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- ototoxic
- nephrotoxic, more so in elderly patients - drug accumulates in cells of PT and causes necrosis so urinary excretion of brush border enzymes increases - effect usually reversible since cells of PT can regenerate - get defect of renal concentrating mechanism because gent acts on DT and CD to decrease the sensitivity to ADH - decreased GFR, mild proteinuria, hyaline and granular casts in urine - net effect = mild increase in serum creatinine, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia |
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Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole (TS) MOA
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bacteristatic, blocks multiple enzymes
dihydropteroate synthase - inhibited by sulfamethoxazole DHF reductase – inhibited by trimethoprim so no protein or RNA/DNA synthesis |
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Pneumocystis carinii DOC
(must know) |
is Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole
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Tetracyclines MOA
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bacteristatic; bind to 30S subunit to block aminoacyl t-RNA binding to the acceptor (A) site
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Tetracyclines med use
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acts against gram (+) and (-) organisms, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and ameobas
Not used for pneumococcal pneumonia |
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Tetracyclines S/E
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Chelates Ca++ - adverse effect on formation of teeth and bones - fetus and babies, bioavailability decreased by milk and food in GI tract
6.severe rash w sunlight |
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clindamycin MOA
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bacteriostatic; binds to 50S subunit and blocks aminoacyl translocation of peptide chain
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tx patient with clindamycin - patient develops pseudomembranous colitis. What organisms and what tx?
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caused by Clostridium dificile - tx w oral metronidazole (or oral vancomycin)
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3 examples of Macrolides
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erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
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erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin MOA
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bacteriostatic; Inhibits bacterial growth by suppressing RNA-dependent
protein synthesis |
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patient w pneumonia, but bug negative for gram stain
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probably an atypical bug - tx w macrolide like erythromycin.
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if gram (+) pneumonia, probably:
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - tx w cephalosporin
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erythromycin S/E
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stomach cramping bx it stimulates motilin receptors in stomach; can be used to increase stomach motility in patients with diabetic gastroparesis
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DOC for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) ATYPICALS!
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macrolides
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tx of TB
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"RIPE" = rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide & ethambutol
1) isoniazid (INH) causes hepatic damage; rifampin induces CYP450 |
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Drugs which inhibit the DNA gyrase
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nalidixic acid & fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin et al.)
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Protein synthesis inhibitors
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"buy AT 30, CELL at 50"
A= aminoglycosides (cidal) T = tetracyclines (static) C = chloramphenicol (static) E = erythromyicn (static) L = Lincomycin (static) L = cLindamycin (static) |
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chloramphenicol, macrolides and clindamycin interaction
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work at the same site, do NOT use them together because they will interfere w each other
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Bactericidal Drugs
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PCN's, cephalosporins, aztreonam, imipenem, cycloserine, aminoglycosides, methenamine, polymixin, colistin, rifampin, vancomycin, bacitracin, isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, nalidixic acid
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Bacteriostatic Drugs
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spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, macrolides, clindamycin, tetratcyclines, nitrofurans, sulfonamides/trimethoprim
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plasmid-mediated resistance is easily transferred by
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transduction to other species of bacteria
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Beta-lactams =
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PCN's, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems
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the transpeptidase enzymes which are inhibited by the Beta-lactams are called:
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penicillin-binding proteins (PBP's) because they are the target site for these drugs
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resistance to Beta-lactams in gram (+) bugs
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production of bacterial Beta-lactamases, altered PBP's.
MRSA = mutations change the binding sites of the PBP |
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resistance to Beta-lactams in gram (-) bugs
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production of bacterial Beta-lactamases, reduced permeability (decreased the number of porins)
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resistance to vancomycin (VRE's)
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when a mutation changes the terminal D-ala to a D-lactate; vancomycin can no longer bind
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fluoroquinolones resistance
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a single point mutation alters the binding of FQ's to the active site of DNA gyrase
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aminoglycoside resistance
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plasmid-mediated enzymes are transferases which destroy the antibacterial effect of AG's by altering their structure
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macrolide resistance
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bacterial enzymes methylate the 23S ribosomal component of the bacterial 50S ribosome
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tetracycline resistance
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Plasmids code for efflux pumps which extrude the drug from the cell
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folate synthesis inhibitor = trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole resistance
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plasmid-coded gene synthesizes a form of dihyropteroate synthetase which does not bind sulfonamides even though it still binds PABA. folate synthesis continues on
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rifampin resistance
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a mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the Beta-subunit of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase reduces the binding of rifampin
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bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol
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plasmid-mediated, involves the production of acetyltransferases which inactivates the drug
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gram positive cocci, alpha hemolysis, optochin resistant
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S viridans/ mutans
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gram positive cocci, alpha hemolysis, optochin sensitive
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S. pneumo
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gram positive rod, beta hemolysis, bacitracin resistant
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S. pyogenes
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gram positive rod, beta hemolysis, bacitracin sensitive
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S. agalactiae
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Gram positive cocci, catalase negative with no hemolysis
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Enterococcus
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Gram positive cocci catalase positive with no hemolysis.
Novobiocin sensitive |
S. epidermidis
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Gram positive cocci catalase positive with no hemolysis.
Novobiocin resistant |
S. saprophyticus
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Gram positive cocci, catalase positive, coagulase positive
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S. aureus
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gram positive rods
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Clostridium
Listeria Bacillus |
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gram negative "coccoid" rods
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H. flu
Bordetella pertussis |
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gram negative rods, fast lactose fermenter
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Klebsiella
E. coli |
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gram negative rods, lactose nonfermenter, oxidase negative
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Shigella
Salmonella Proteus |
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gram negative rods, lactose nonfermenter, oxidase positive
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Pseudomonas
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Chocolate agar with factors V and X for which organism?
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H. flu
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Thayer-Martin media for which organism?
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N. gonorrhea
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Bordet-gengou media for which organism?
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B. pertussis
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Tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar for which organism?
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C. diphtheriae
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Lowenstein-Jensen agar for which organism?
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M. tuberculosis
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pink colonies on MacConkey's for agar means what?
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lacotse fermenting enterics
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Charcoal yeast extract agar for which organism?
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Legionella
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gram negative rods, fast lactose fermenter
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Klebsiella
E. coli |
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gram negative rods, lactose nonfermenter, oxidase negative
|
Shigella
Salmonella Proteus |
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gram negative rods, lactose nonfermenter, oxidase positive
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Pseudomonas
|
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Chocolate agar with factors V and X for which organism?
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H. flu
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Thayer-Martin media for which organism?
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N. gonorrhea
|
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Bordet-gengou media for which organism?
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B. pertussis
|
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Tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar for which organism?
|
C. diphtheriae
|
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Lowenstein-Jensen agar for which organism?
|
M. tuberculosis
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pink colonies on MacConkey's for agar means what?
|
lacotse fermenting enterics
|
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Charcoal yeast extract agar for which organism?
|
Legionella
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Sabourand's agar for which organism?
|
Fungi
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Congo red stain
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amyloid, green apple birifringence
|
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Giemsa's stain
|
Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia
|
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PAS stain
|
stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides.
used to diagnose Whipples |
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Ziehl-Neelsen stain
|
acid-fast bacteria
|
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India Ink stain
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Cryptcoccus neoformans
|
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Silver stain
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Fungi, PCP, Legionella
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Obligate aerobes
|
"Nagging Pests Must Breathe AER"
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Bacillus |
|
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Obligate anaerobes
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Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces to name a few
|
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Obligate intracellular organisms
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Rickettsia, Chlamydia can't make their own ATP
|
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Sabourand's agar for which organism?
|
Fungi
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Congo red stain
|
amyloid, green apple birifringence
|
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Giemsa's stain
|
Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia
|
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PAS stain
|
stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides.
used to diagnose Whipples |
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Ziehl-Neelsen stain
|
acid-fast bacteria
|
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India Ink stain
|
Cryptcoccus neoformans
|
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Silver stain
|
Fungi, PCP, Legionella
|
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Obligate aerobes
|
"Nagging Pests Must Breathe AER"
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Bacillus |
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Obligate anaerobes
|
Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces to name a few
|
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Obligate intracellular organisms
|
Rickettsia, Chlamydia can't make their own ATP
|
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Facultative intracellular
|
"Some Bast Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia |
|
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alpha hemolytic
|
S. pneumo
S viridans |
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Beta hemolytic
|
S. aureus
S pyogenes S agalactiae Listeria monocytogenes |
|
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tumbling motility
meningitis in newborns unpasteurized milk |
Listeria
|
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Protein A is:
|
virulence factor for S. aureus
|
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toxins of S. aureus
|
TSST-1 - toxic shock
exfoliative toxin - scalded skin enterotoxins - rapid-onset food poisoning |
|
|
antibody to M protein provides immunization to:
|
S. pyogenes
|
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ASO titer detects:
|
recent S. pyogenes infection
|
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Strep pyogenes causes
|
pyogenic: pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
toxigenic: scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome immunologic: rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis |
|
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diphtheria exotoxin
|
ABCDEFG
ADP ribosylation Beta-prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Elongation Factor Granules |
|
|
actinomyces israeli
|
gram positive rod with long branching filments resembling fungi
sulfur granules in sinus tract treat with PCN |
|
|
Nocardia asteroides
|
gram positive rod with long branching filments resembling fungi
pulmonary infection in immunocompromised rx with Sulfa |
|
|
SNAP nocardia and actinomyces
|
Sulfa for
Nocardia Actinomyces use PCN |
|
|
haEMOPhilus influenza
|
Epiglottitis, Meningitis, Otitis, and Pneumonia
|
|
|
Enterobacteriae, think:
|
COFFEe
capsular (K) O antigen Flagellar antigen (H) Ferment glucose Enterobacteriae |
|
|
reheated meat dishes
|
C perfringens
|
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undercooked meat
|
E. coli O157:H7
|
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poultry, meat, eggs
|
Salmonella
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meats, mayonnaise, and custard
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S. aureus
|
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bloody diarrhea, comma shaped, growth at 42 C, oxidase positive
|
Campylobacter
|
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bloody diarrhea, motile, lactose negative
|
Salmonella
|
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bloody diarrhea, nonmotile, lactose negative
|
Shigella
|
|
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bloody diarrhea, Shiga-like toxin, HUS
|
EHEC
|
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bloody diarrhea, O157:H7
|
EIEC
|
|
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bloody diarrhea, daycare outbreak, pseudoappendicitis
|
Yersinia entercolitica
|
|
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bloody diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis
|
C. difficile
|
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|
bloody diarrhea, protazoa
|
Entamoeba histolytica
|
|
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watery diarrhea, traveler
|
ETEC
|
|
|
watery diarrhea, comma shaped
|
Vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
watery diarrhea, protozoa in immunocompetent
|
giardia
|
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watery diarrhea, protozoa in immunocompromised
|
cryptosporidium
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watery diarrhea, viruses
|
rotavirus, adenovirus, Norwalk
|
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Cholera toxin
|
induces cAMP activating Gs
|
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Pertussis toxin
|
induces cAMP to disable Gi, causing whooping cough
|
|
|
E. coli heat labile toxin
|
act via ADP ribosylation to permanently activate adenyl cyclase (inc cAMP)
|
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Bacillus anthracis toxin
|
edema factor, a bacterial adenylate cyclase to inc cAMP
|
|
|
requires cysteine
|
Legionella
|
|
|
bite from a Ixodes tick
|
Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
undulant fever.
dairy products, contact with animals |
Brucellosis, brucella
|
|
|
tick bite; rabbits deer
|
Francisella tularensis
|
|
|
animal bite from a cat or dog causing cellulitis
|
Pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
Rx for leprosy
|
Dapsone
|
|
|
headache, fever, and rash after contact with an arthropod vector
|
Ricketssiae
|
|
|
Rickettsiae transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia
|
Coxiella
|
|
|
outward spread of rash
|
typhus is centriphugal
|
|
|
inward spread of rash
|
spotted fever is centripetal
|
|
|
Q fever
|
is Queer b/c it has no rash, has no vector, and has negative Weil-Felix
CAused by Coxiella burnetti (a weird rickettsial) |
|
|
rash on palms and soles migrating to trunk. h/a fever
East coast |
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
|
|
|
Weil-Felix for
|
rickettsial antibodies
|
|
|
Chlamydia subtypes A, B, and C
|
blindness in Africa, Chronic infection
|
|
|
Lyme Disease clinical
|
BAKE a key Lyme pie
Bell's palsy Arthritis Kardiac block Erythema chronicum |
|
|
Chlamydia subtypes L1 L2 and L3
|
Lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
FTA-ABS
|
find the antibody absolutely
(Treponemes) |
|
|
VDRL false positive
|
VDRL
by Viruses drugs rheumatic fever Lupus and Leprosy |
|
|
budding yeast with pseudohyphae
|
Candida
|
|
|
Candida Rx
|
nystatin for superficial
amphotericin for systemic |
|
|
Southwestern US, fungus
|
Coccidioidomycosis
|
|
|
Mississippi and Ohio valley fungus
bird or bat droppings Intracellular |
Histoplasmosis
|
|
|
Rural Latin America fungus
"Captain's Wheel Appearance" |
Paracoccidioidomycosis
|
|
|
Brain cysts, seizures, parasite
|
Taenia solium
|
|
|
Liver cysts parasite
|
Echinococcus granulosus
|
|
|
B12 deficiency parasite
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
|
|
Biliary tract disease parasite
|
Clonorchis sinensis
|
|
|
Hemoptysis parasite
|
Paragonimus westermani
|
|
|
Portal hypertension parasite
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
|
|
Microcytic anemia parasite
|
Anculostoma, Necator
|
|
|
Perianal pruritis parasite
|
Enterobius
|
|
|
ssDNA virus
|
parvovirdae
|
|
|
dsRNA virus
|
reoviridae
|
|
|
naked RNA + viruses
(infectious genome) |
Calciviridae, Picornaviridae
|
|
|
DNA virus repllicating in the cytoplasm
|
poxviridae
|
|
|
RNA viruses replicating in the nucleus
|
influenza and retroviridae
|
|
|
killed virus vaccines
|
rabies, influenza, Salk polio, and HAV
RIP Always |
|
|
egg based vaccines
|
Flu, MMR, Yellow fever
|
|
|
segmented viruses
|
bunyavirus, orthmyxovirus, arenavirus, and reovirus
|
|
|
CXCR1 and HIV
|
rapid progression to AIDS
|
|
|
HIV encephalitis by
|
access through macrophages, microglial nodules with multinicleated giant cells
|
|
|
opportunistic brain infections
|
crytococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, CMV encephalopathy, AIDS dementia, PML (JC virus)
|
|
|
opportunistic eye infection
|
CMV retinitis
|
|
|
opportunistic mouth and throat infections
|
thrush, HSV, CMV, oral hairy luekoplakia
|
|
|
opportunistic lung diseases
|
PCP, TB, histoplasmosis
|
|
|
opportunistic GI diseases
|
cryptosporidiosis, MAI complex, CMV colitis, EBV
|
|
|
opportunistic skin infections
|
VZV, HHV-8
|
|
|
opportunistic genital infections
|
herpes, warts, cervical cancer from HPV
|
|
|
pneumonia in a neonate
|
group b strep, e coli
(same for meningitis in a newborn) |
|
|
pus, empyema, abscess
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
pediatric infection
|
H flu including epiglottitis
|
|
|
pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, burn infection
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
branching rods in oral infection
|
actinomyces israeli
|
|
|
traumatic open wound
|
c. perfringens
|
|
|
surgical wound
|
s. aureus
|
|
|
dog or cat bite
|
pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
currant jelly sputum
|
Klebsiella pneumo
|
|
|
sepsis/meningitis in newborn
|
group B strep
|
|
|
antibiotics that block nucleotide synthesis
|
sulfonamides and trimethaprim
|
|
|
antibiotics that block DNA topoisomerase
|
quinolones
|
|
|
antibiotic that blocks mRNA synthesis
|
rifampin
|
|
|
bactericidal antibiotics
|
PCN, cephalosporins, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole
|
|
|
aztreonam
|
monobactam resistant to beta lactamases, synergistic with aminoglycosides, for G- rods
|
|
|
tetracyclines for
|
"VACUUM THe BedRoom"
vibrio, acne, chlamydia, ureaplasm, urealyticum, mycoplasma pneumoniae, tularemia, H. pylori, Borellia burgdorferi, Rickettsia |
|
|
sulfonamides MOA
|
PABA antimetabolies inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
|
|
|
clinical use of sulfonamides
|
Nocardia, chlamydia, simple UTI
|
|
|
fluoroquinolones toxicity (major one)
|
quinoLONES hurt attachment to long BONES
|
|
|
polymyxin MOA
|
bind cell membrane and disrupt their osmotic properties
|
