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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the unique style of liver damage associated with toxic damage
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There is no unique presentation.
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How does body detox electrophiles?
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Via glutathione (via phase 2 conjugation.
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What are drugs that when metabolized by p450 yield toxic free radicals
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Acetominophen and carbon tetrachloride.
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In which part of the liver are more p450 enzymes present?
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The centrilobular region. This makes them more susceptible to toxic damage because of the metabolic activity generating active metabolites.
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What toxins are associated with hepatic cancer?
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1) Aflatoxin (toxin of aspergillus)
2) Ethanol 3) Vinyl chloride is associated with angiosarcoma of the liver. |
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Suspected synthetic hepatocarcinogens
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1) dimethyl/ethyl nitrosamine
2) DDT 3) PCBs 4) CCl4 5) CHCl3 (chloroform) |
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Naturally occuring hepatocarcinogens
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1) Arsenic
2) Safrole 3) Cycasin 4) Aflatoxin 5) Pyrrolizidines (in comfrey tea) |
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Therapeutic agents which are renal toxins
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Antimicrob - aminoglycosides, amphotericin
Antineoplasm - cisplatin Analgesics - phenacetin, acetominophen, NSAIDs Iodinated radio contrast agents |
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Non therepeutic chemicals which are renal toxins
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Metals - mercury, cadmium, lead
Solvents - CCl4, toluene aniline dyes diquat herbicide ethylene glycol |
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Name specific sites of renal damage and the toxins which could cause them
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Proximal convoluted tubule cells have most p450 activity and are most vulnerable to free radicals like acetominophen and CCl4
Distal renal tubule - toluene (glue sniffing) Interstitial nephritis - analgesics Glomerular dmg - gold |
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What is the most common presentation of toxic renal injury
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Renal failure
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure and what can cause it
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Acute tubular necrosis. Cells lining tubule get damaged, die, and collapses into lumen and obstruct it.
Caused by CCl4, mercuric chloride, acetominophen, and gentamycin |
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What causes tubulointerstitial nephritis
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Orellanine in cortinarius mushroom. Interupts ATP production.
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Causes of obstruction leading to renal failure
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1) Oxolate crystals from ethylene glycol
2) myoglobin from muscle breakdown caused by 2,4D or antisychotic meds. 3) hemoglobin from hemolysis caused by chlorate or arsine |
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Causes of chronic renal failure
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1) Phenacetin
2) Toluene from glue sniffin 3) Cadmium accumulation (causes bone pain) |
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What drugs reduce semen count
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DBCP (daddys birth control pills)
Alcohol lead mercury 2,4D DDT |
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Chemicals which may cause infertility in women
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1) volatile organic solvents
2) PCBs 3) pesticides 4) Formaldehyde |
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Risk definition and equation
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Risk is the chance that a given adverse effect will happen with the exposure. Risk = Hazard (inherent danger of the substance) x Exposure
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NOEL, LOEL, and threshold dose
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NOEL - Test dose which did not produce an observable effect.
LOEL - Lowest actual test dose which produced an effect. Threshold dose - Extrapolated dose where below it, there is no effect, and above it, there is an effect (minimum dose that gives effect). |
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What is and isnt LD 50 good for
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Can compare relative rankings of the potency of agents.
Dont give much info on how it translates to a human, no info on the type of pathology, and animals are very controlled and homogeous, we are not. |
