Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
patho type 1 diabetes? |
lack of insulin form autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells |
|
|
patho type 2 diabetes? |
insulin resistance (cellular) |
|
|
long term complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (9 total) |
hypertension, heart disease, stroke, blindness, renal failure, neuropathy, amputation, erectile disfunction, gastroparesis |
|
|
symptoms of diabetes (3) |
polyuria, polydipsia (thirsty), weight loss |
|
|
3 tests for diabetes diagnosis? |
hemoglobin A1c fasting plasma glucose casual blood glucose |
|
|
if hemoglobin A1c is ___________ or higher, than diabetes |
6.5% |
|
|
if fasting plasma glucose is __________ or higher, than diabetes |
126 mg/dL |
|
|
if casual blood glucose is ___________ or higher, than diabetes |
200 mg/dL |
|
|
type 1 diabetes is typically treated with ________ |
insulin |
|
|
type 2 diabetes is typically treated with ________ |
metformin and lifestlyle change |
|
|
diabetes control and complications trial showed __________ |
tight glycemic control can help reduce long term complications in type 1 diabetes |
|
|
ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VADT trials showed that in type 2 diabetes _______________ |
tight glycemic control can decrease microvascular complications, but not macrovascular or mortality |
|
|
downside to tight glycemic control |
hypoglycemia, death |
|
|
SMBG? |
self monitoring blood glucose |
|
|
premeal target? |
70-130 mg/dL |
|
|
peak post meal target |
180 mg/dL or lower |
|
|
this test assesses long term glycemic control |
A1c |
|
|
A1c should be measured every |
3-6 months |
|
|
insulin is anabolic hormone, that is... |
promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores |
|
|
2 effects of insulin |
stimulates cellular uptake of glucose, amino acids, and potassium promotes synthesis of glycogen, proteins, tryglycerides |
|
|
insulin deficiency puts body into catabolic mode, that is... |
breaks down eats itself glycogen broken down to glucose, proteins down to amino acids, fats to glycerol and free fatty acids |
|
|
seven types of insulin in US: |
reglar, NPH, lispro, aspart, glulisine, detemir, and glargine |
|
|
short duration insulins (3) |
lispro, aspart, glulsine |
|
|
long duration insulins (2) |
glargine, detemir |
|
|
four insulins that an be administered IV? |
regular, aspart, lispro, and glulisine |
|
|
which insulin cloudy suspension require agitation? |
NPH |
|
|
hypoglycemia is blood glucose below ______ |
70 mg/dL |
|
|
symptoms of hypoglycemia (7) |
tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, headache, confusion, drowsiness, fatigue |
|
|
beta blockers mask these two hypoglycemia symptoms |
tachycardia, palpitations |
|
|
beta blockers are also dangerous in hypoglycemia because they inhibit... |
the breadown of glycogen to glucose which the body tries to do to compensate during a hypoglycemic attack |
|
|
this drug prevents intestinal conversion of sucrose into glucose, making table sugar inadequate during a hypoglycemic attach |
acarbose |
|
|
metformin in this class of drugs |
a biguanide |
|
|
two actions of metformin |
decrease glucose production by liver increase glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue |
|
|
major side effects of metformin (4) |
GI, decreased appetite, nausea, and diarrhea |
|
|
metformin does NOT cause __________ |
hypoglycemia |
|
|
rare life threatening side effect of metformin |
lactic acidosis |
|
|
action of sulfonylureas drugs? |
incease release of insulin from pancreas |
|
|
pancreas releases |
insulin |
|
|
liver releases |
glucose |
|
|
glitazone |
antidiabetic |
|
|
biguanides |
metformin |
|
|
sulfonylureas |
antidiabetic |
|
|
glinides |
antidiabetic |
|
|
alpha glucosidase inhibitor |
acarbose |
|
|
gliptin |
antidiabetic |
|
|
incretin mimetics |
antidiabetic |
|
|
side effects of pioGlitazone (5) |
water retention so CHF, liever damage, bladder cancer, fractures, unintended ovulation |
|
|
acarbose must... |
be taken with every meal to be effective |
|
|
DPP-4 inhibitors are |
incretin mimetics (antidiabetic) |
|
|
DPP-4 inhibitors effect |
lower A1c by 0.5% |
|
|
SGLT-2 inhibitors are |
gliflozin (antidiabetic) |
|
|
action of gliflozin |
inhibit reuptake of glucose by kidneys, increasing excretion of glucose by kidneys |
|
|
Side effect of gliflozin |
UTI |
|
|
Exenatide is |
Antidiabetic |
|
|
Antidiabetic mimetic class do? |
Delay gastric emptying, suppress glucagon release |
|
|
After opening, insulin can be kept unrefrigerated at room temperate for ____________ and must avoid ________ |
Up to one month Avoid sunlight |
|
|
Prefilled insulin cartridges should be stored facing _________ for up to ___________ in __________ for temperature |
Facing up or vertically for up to 1 week in refrigerator |
|
|
Alcohol causes what in diabetics? |
Hypoglycemia |
|
|
DKA vs hypoglycemia |
DKA is high glucose Hypoglycemia low glucose |
|
|
Lipohypertrophy |
Accumulation of fat at insulin injection sites |
|
|
Urticaria |
Hives |
|
|
Hypoglycemic agents (4) |
Sulfonylureas, glinides, alcohol, beta blockers |
|
|
Hyperglycemic agents (4) |
Thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoid steroids, Epinephrine, dopamine |
|
|
Other use of metformin in women |
Polycystic ovary syndrome |
|
|
side effects of metformin (4) |
Lactic acidosis, GI, vitamin B12, folic acid |
|
|
Lactic acidosis symptoms? (3) |
Hyperventilation, myalgia, somnolence |
|
|
Sulfonylureas for? |
Antidiabetic |
|
|
Glinides contrandicated for those taking |
Gemfibrozil |
|
|
Glinides for |
Antidiabetic |
|
|
Gemfibrozil for |
Cholesterol |
|
|
Five big side effects of glitazones |
Heart failure, liver, bladder cancer, fractures, ovulation |
|
|
Glucophage brand name? |
Metformin |
|
|
Glinide action (1) |
Stimulate insulin release from pancreas |
|
|
Effect of hypoglycemia noticeable on face and skin? |
Sweating |
