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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antidepressant used in smoking cessation
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Buproprion (Zyaban) often used
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How do antidepressants work in smoking cessation
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a weak inhibitor of neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine that reduces the urge to smoke and symptoms of withdrawal
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Ex. of meds used for mild pain
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nonopioids like acetaminophen, NSAIDS
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Ex. of meds used for moderate pain
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Combinations of nonopioid and opioid.. ex. acetaminophen and oxycodone
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Ex. of meds used for severe pain
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potent opioids.. ex. morphine
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s/s of undertreatment of pain meds
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increased resp and heart rate, hypertension, increased stress response, urinary retention, fluid overload, weakness
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s/s of overtreatment of pain meds
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drug tolerance, addiction, physical dependence, depression, weakness, loss of appetite, other digestive disturbances
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Describe acute pain
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pain occurs suddenly, responst to treatment, results from trauma, tissue injury, inflammation, (mild, moderate, and severe)
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Describe chronic pain
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persists for greater than 6 months and is difficult to treat and control
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Describe cancer pain
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pain from pressure on nerves and organs, blockage to blood supply or metastasis in bone
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describe somatic pain
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pain of skeletal muscle, ligaments, joints
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describe superficial pain
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pain from surface areas like skin and mucus membranes
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describe vascular pain
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pain from vascular or perivascular tissues contriuting to headaches or migranes
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describe visceral pain
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pain from smooth muscle and organs
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Coanalgesics
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meds whose primary indication is for a purpose other than pain relief, but demonstrate some analgesic effects. Ex. Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids
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how should opioids and coanalgesics be taken together?
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introduce the opioid first to gauge a reaction, taking together all at first may increase risk of toxicity
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Most common cause for inadequate pain relief
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poor communication
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Name some considerations of pain meds and the terminal patient
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give them meds, don't worry about addiction, keep them comfortable
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tolerance
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decreased effect of a substance that results from repeated exposure. Reduced responsiveness of receptors
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addiction
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a compulsive, uncontrollable craving for and dependence on a substance to such a degree that cessation causes emotional, mental, or physiologic reactions
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Pseudoaddiction
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the iatrogenic syndrome of abnormal behavior developing as a direct consequence of inadequate pain mgmt
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types of nicotine replacement
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gum (nicorette)
Lozenge (commit) Patch (Nicoderm) Nasal spray (Nicotrol NS) Inhaler (Nicotrol) |
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action of corticosterioids
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anti-inflammatory
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How corticosteroids work
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controls inflammation by preventing many of the components of the inflammatory process at the injured site
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NSAID's effect
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analgesic and antipyretic
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NSAIDS inhibit what enzyme?
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cox
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Common uses of NSAIDS
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anti-inflammatory, pain and stiffness in joints, headaches, fever
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Keratolytics cause what?
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slouging of hardened epithelium
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keratolytics used on what?
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corns, warts, and mild acne, also used to cauterize ulcers and destroy excess tissue
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Name some common keratolytics:
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benzoic, salicylic acids, resorcinol, lactic acid
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Emollients
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fatty or oily substances, render skin softer and more pliable, shield skin
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astringents
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contract and whiten skin, dry affected area, stops minor hemmorhage, minimizes perspiration, reduce inflammation promotes healing
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Local anesthetics do what
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block pain at site where drug is administered
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types of local anesthetics
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esters and amides
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Cross tolerance
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need for increased dose of other drugs
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what is Wernike's encephalopathy?
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inflammatory hemorrhagic degenerative conditon of the brain
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tx of Wernike's encephalopathy
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thiamine
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What effects to prostaglandins have?
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increased capillary permiability, increased vasodilation, increased pain and fever, relaxation of smooth muscles
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what are prostaglandins used for?
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controll cell growth, cause constriciton or dilation on vascular smooth muscle cells, prevent and treat peptic ulcers
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what does DMARD stand for?
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disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
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what are DMARD's used for?
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RA, block tumor formation, stops progression of joint degeneration
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Forms of medication and how fast they work:
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PO
Rectally Vaginally Injection |
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what do cycoloplegics do?
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paralyze the muscles of accomodation in the eye
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Name some cycloplegics
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atropine sulfate, pentolair, propine, scopolamine hydrobromide, tropicamide
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what are miotics used in?
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lower intraocular pressure of open-angle glaucoma
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ex of a miotic
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Isopto carpine (Pilocarpine)
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name some drugs of abuse
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marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, tranquilizers, amphetamines
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What should you do if you think a co-worker may be impaired?
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confront them, then talk with a superviser
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characteristics seein in an impaired co-worker
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changes in personality, behavior changes, job performance, attendance, poor judgement, lots of errors, inappropriate behavior, illogical documentation
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Describe potentiation
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occurs when an additional CNS depressant is taken with alcohol, increasing the effect
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3 catagories of meds used to treat acne
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Topical antiacne drugs
system preparations oral contraceptives |
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Name some types of topical antiacne drugs
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Cleaners
drying agents topical preparations, creams, gels, lotions, shampoos keratolytic Vitamin A deriviatives |
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name some examples of cleaner antiacne drugs
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clearasil, benzoyl peroxide
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name some ex. of drying agent antiacne drugs
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acnomel, lonax
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name some ex. of keratolytic antiacne drugs
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benzac, sebulex, azelex
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name some examples of vit. A deriviatives for acne
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differin
Retin-A |
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Name some ex. of system preparations for acne
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sumycin, e-mycin, accutane
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name some ex. of oral contraceptives used for acne
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ortho tri-cycline, estrostep
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Name some nonpharmacological treatments for acne
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bar soap, soap-free cakes, liquid cleansers, lotions, gels, creams, well balanced diets, reduce stress
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what do carbonic anhydraseinhibitors do?
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block the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, leads to decreased aqueous humor and decreased IOP
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat
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IOP in open-angle glaucoma
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How do you prevent systemic absorption of eye drops?
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gently apply pressure to the inner canthus while instilling drops
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COX stands for what?
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cyelooxygenase
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what does cox do ?
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convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and their products
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Action of cox-1:
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protects the stomach lining and regulates blood platelets
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Action of cox-2:
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Triggers inflammation and pain
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Cox 2 inhibitors do what?
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inhibit inflammation and pain
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s/s of reaction to topical meds
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rash
itching burning different skin pigmentation |
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What is glaucoma?
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IOP resulting from excessive production of or diminished outflow of aqueous humor
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Classifications of glaucoma
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1. primary: Pathologic change within the eye
2. secondary: change associated with systemic disease and use of selected drugs |
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Drug classifications for glaucoma
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cholinergic and anticholinesterase miotics
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Drug addiction
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complex disease of the CNS characterized by a compulsive, uncontrolled craving for a dependence on a substance to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional, mental, or physiologic reaction
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Psychological dependence occurs with _________
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regular heavy use
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Describe psychological dependence
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pt has taken a med for a long time and doesn't want to stop taking it because it makes them feel good
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s/s of withdrawl
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malaise and weakness about 6 hours after the last dose
yawning and perspiration after 12 hours after 24 hours: Muscular contrations, pain, chills, increased resp rate and depth, increased BP, pupil dilation, agitation |
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ABC's of skin cancer
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Asymmetry
Boarder irregularity Color Diameter Evolution |
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Categories of sunscreen
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chemical
physical |
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Most sunscreens are what category?
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Chemical
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chemical sunscreens do what?
Physical sunscreens do what? |
Chem: absorb UV rays
Physical: scatter UV rays |
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SPF ______ or greater is advised
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15
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Seven signs of possible drug involvement
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1. Change in school or work attendance or performance
2. Alteration of personal appearance 3. mood swings or atitude changes 4. Withdrawal from family contacts 5. Association with drug-using friends 6. unusual patterns of behavior or mannerisms 7. Defensive attitude concerning drugs |
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What is reye's syndrome?
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A potentiall fatal disease that can cause detrimental effects to many organs, especially brain an dliver.
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Cause of reye's syndrome?
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Aspirin use by children with viral illness
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Reye's syndrome causes what with the liver and brain?
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Fatty liver, slightly enlarged and firm
Severe encephalopathy |
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What is photosensitivity?
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Sensitivity of the skin to a light source
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drugs that cause photosensitivity
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sulfadrugs, tetracycline
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naloxone (Narcan) clinical action
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opioid antagonist
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naloxone(Narcan) used to treat
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opioid overdose
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naloxone(Narcan) contraindication
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resp. depression
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Fentanyl (Duragesic) action
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binds to opioid receptors in CNS, increases pain threshold
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Fentanyl (Duragesic) used to treat
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Severe pain
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naloxone (Narcan) routes
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IV, IM
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Fentanyl (Duragesic) contraindications
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ICP, resp depression
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Fentanyl (Duragesic) routes
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IV, Transdermal, buccal
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Acetaminophen (Tylenol) class
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analgesic
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Acetaminophen (tylenol) used to treat
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fever, pain
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Acetaminophen (tylenol) side effects
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anorexia, nausea, vomiting, rash
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Morphine sulfate (Morphine) class
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opioid
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Morphine sulfate (Morphine) used to
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relieve severe pain
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Morphine sulfate (Morphine) side effects
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anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation drowsiness.. others
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Lidocaine (Betacaine) action
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anesthetic
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Lidocaine (Betacaine) side effects
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pain at injection site, burnning, stinging, tenderness
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Lidocaine (Betacaine) interactions
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anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmics
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Lidocaine (Betacaine) routes
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IM, IV
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Lidocaine (Betacaine) used to treat
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local skin disorders
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) action
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analgesic, antipyretic
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) side effects
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nausea, dyspepsia, dizziness, constipation, flatulence
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) contraindications
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peptic ulcers, GI diseases, NSAIDS
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) interactions
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May decrease effects of antihypertensive, diuretics. May increase anticoagulants
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) routes
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IV, PO
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) used to treat
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fever, JRA, osteoarthritis, pain
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Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) action
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reduces intensity of pain stimuli from sensory nerve endings
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Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) routes
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PO, IV, subQ
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Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) uses
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moderate to severe pain
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Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) interactions
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CNS depressants
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Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) side effects
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drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, anorexia
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Isotretinoin (accutane) treats
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severe cystic acne, for those who don't respond to other tx
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Isotretinoin (accutane) how long is it given?
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15-20 weeks if another course needed 8 week lapse
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Isotretinoin (accutane) side effect
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photosensitivity
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Indomethacin (Indocin) action
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analgesic, anti-inflammatory, reduce intensity of pain
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Indomethacin (Indocin) used to treat
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arthritic conditions, active RA, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis
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Indomethacin (Indocin) route
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PO
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Indomethacin (Indocin) Side effects
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head aches, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, dizziness
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Indomethacin (Indocin) interactions
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aspirin, antihypertensives, diuretics, anticoagulants
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buproprion (Zyban) action
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relieves depression, eliminates nicotine withdrawal symptoms
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buproprion (Zyban) used to treat
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smoking cessation, depression
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buproprion (Zyban) common routes
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PO
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buproprion (Zyban) side effects
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consitpation, weight gain or loss, nausea, vomiting
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buproprion (Zyban) med interactions
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alcohol, lithium, ritonavir, steroids, antidepressants
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Celebrex class
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cox 2 inhibitors
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Celebrex used for
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arthritic type pain
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celebrex shouldnt be taken with
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aspirin
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Retin A used for
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acne, psoriasis
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Retin A precautions
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photosensitivity
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Silvadene (silver sulfadiazine) used for
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prevention and tx of sepsis in second and third degree burns
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Silvadene (silver sulfadiazine) applied how often
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1-2 times a day
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Silvadene (silver sulfadiazine) side effects
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skin discoloration, burning or stinging, rashes
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Rogaine used for
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antihypertensive and hair growth
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Rogaine routes
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topical, po
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Rogaine side effects
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headache rash dry flaking skin
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rogaine interaction
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NSAIDS
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methoxsalen (Oxsoralen) route
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po, topical
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methoxsalen (Oxsoralen) uses
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severe psoriasis
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methoxsalen (Oxsoralen) contraindications
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photosensitivity, pregnancy, albanism, skin cancer
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methoxsalen (Oxsoralen) interactions
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some soaps, methylene blue, sulfa or tetracycline drugs, vitamin A creams
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methoxsalen (Oxsoralen) side effects
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photosensitivity
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Hydrocortisone class
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glucocorticoid
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Hydrocortisone does what
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decreases/prevents tissue response to inflammatory process
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Elidel (pimecrolimus) action
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anti-inflammatory
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Elidel (pimecrolimus) treats
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eczema
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Elidel (pimecrolimus) route
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topical
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Thiamine used to treat
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Wernicke's encephalopathy
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Thiamine route
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IV
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Benenmid (Probenecid) action
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blocks reabsorption of uric acid and increases uric acid excretion
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Benenmid (Probenecid) used for
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gout
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Novocolichine treats
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gout
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novocolichine action
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anti-inflammatory
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Tumor necrosis factor used to treat
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severe RA and crohns diease
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Demerol (Meperidine) class
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opiate analgesic
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Demerol (Meperidine) action
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alters pain perception
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Demerol (Meperidine) route
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IM, PO, IV
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Demerol (Meperidine) side effect
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decreased BP, CNS depression
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pentazocine lactate (Talwin) class
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first opioid analgesic
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pentazocine lactate (Talwin) used for
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moderate to severe pain
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pentazocine lactate (Talwin) routes
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IM, IV, sub Q, PO
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Methadone treats
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moderate to severe pain
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methadone used in treatment of
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drug abuse programs to help alleviate cravings for opioids
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Nubain used for
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relief of moderate to severe pain
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Nubain route
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IV, IM, SubQ
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Nubain side effects
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dizziness, confusion, hallucinations
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Pilocarpine used to treat
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open-angle glaucoma
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pilocarpine side effects
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eye pain, headache, diarrhea, frequent urination, asthmatic attacks, diaphoresis
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Amoxicillin action
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inhibits bacterial wall synthesis
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Amoxicillin routes
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PO
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Amoxicillin treatment of
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bacterial infections
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acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) side effects
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gi distress, allergies
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acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) contra
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bleeding disorders, anticoagulants
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acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) route
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PO, suppositories
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acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) treatment of
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pain, fever, inflammation, rheumatic fever
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tramadol (Ultram) action
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analgesic
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tramadol (Ultram) used for
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pain
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tramadol (Ultram) route
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po
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oxycodone/acetaminophen (Percocet) action
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alters pain preception
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oxycodone/acetaminophen (Percocet) uses
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narcotic analgesic mild to moderatly severe pain
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oxycodone/acetaminophen (Percocet)contra
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bronchial asthma, resp depression
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oxycodone (Oxycontin) use
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relief of moderate to severe pain
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oxycodone (Oxycontin) action
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alters perception of and emotional response to pain
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oxycodone (Oxycontin) contra
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broncial asthma, resp. depression
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oxycodone (Oxycontin) route
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PO
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ketorolac (Toradol) uses
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short-term relief of mild to moderate pain, ocular itching
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ketorolac (Toradol) action
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reduces intensity of pain stimulus
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ketorolac (Toradol) routes
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IV, IM, PO, othalmic
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ketorolac (Toradol) side effects
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headache, nausea, abd. cramps, dyspepsia
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treatment of narcotic overdose
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Naloxone (Narcan)
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tx of narcotic withdrawal
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Methadone (Dolophine, clonidine (catapress)
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tx of narcotic opioid antagonist
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Naltrexone (trexan, revia)
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endophthalmitis
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inflammation of the structures of the inner eye
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uveitis
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infection of teh vascular layer of the eye
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conjuctivitis
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inflammation of membrane covering eyeball and eyelid
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blepharitis
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infection in margins of eyelid
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chalazion
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infection of meibomian glands of eyelid
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hordeolum
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local infection of eyelash follicles
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keratitis
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corneal inflammation
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Atropine sulfate (atropisol) not for what two disorders
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glaucoma or tachycardia
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cyclopentolate (pentolate) does what
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dilates and paralyzes
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Dipivefrin (propine) used in
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chronic glaucoma
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Scopolamine hydrobromide used in people sensitive to
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atropine
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Hexachloriphene should not be used on
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infants
|
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Mafenide acetate cream (Sulfamylon cream) treats
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2nd and 3rd degree burns
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Mupirocin calcium (Bactroban) used to treat
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impetigo and local infections
|
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Pt more susceptible to resp. infections on meds that tx what?
|
Psoriasis
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Degrees of burns
Describe first |
superficial epidermal
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Degrees of burns
describe first-seconds |
partial thickness superficial
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Degrees of burns
describe second |
deep thickness
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Degrees of burns
describe third |
full thickness
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lubricants used for
|
dry eye
|
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open angle glaucoma
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degenerative changes in trabecular meshworks
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closed angle glaucoma
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triggered by emotions and drus that dilate the pupil
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when using gtt's teach pt to use what?
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1 drop even when 1-2 ordered
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ceruminolytics do what?
|
loosen earwax
|
|
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povidone-iodine solution used in
|
douche, vaginal gel and shampoo
|
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Wernicke's encephalopathy caused by
|
alcoholism
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